- Maternal height at 1 month [ Time Frame: 1 month ]
Height (cm) will be measured using a stadiometer.
- Maternal height at 6 months [ Time Frame: 6 months ]
Height (cm) will be measured using a stadiometer.
- Maternal height at 12 months [ Time Frame: 12 months ]
Height (cm) will be measured using a stadiometer.
- Maternal weight at 1 month [ Time Frame: 1 month ]
Weight (kg) will be measured using a portable digital scale.
- Maternal weight at 6 months [ Time Frame: 6 months ]
Weight (kg) will be measured using a portable digital scale.
- Maternal weight at 12 months [ Time Frame: 12 months ]
Weight (kg) will be measured using a portable digital scale.
- Maternal BMI at 1 Month [ Time Frame: 1 month ]
Body Mass Index (BMI) will be calculated based on the equation (weight in kg)/(height in m)^2.
- Maternal BMI at 6 Months [ Time Frame: 6 months ]
Body Mass Index (BMI) will be calculated based on the equation (weight in kg)/(height in m)^2.
- Maternal BMI at 12 Months [ Time Frame: 12 months ]
Body Mass Index (BMI) will be calculated based on the equation (weight in kg)/(height in m)^2.
- Maternal blood glucose at Pregnancy visit 2 [ Time Frame: ~35 weeks' gestation ]
Mothers will self-report their most recent blood glucose levels.
- Maternal pregravid BMI [ Time Frame: 24-28 weeks' gestation ]
Maternal BMI prior to pregnancy will be derived from pregravid BMI (recall during pregnancy) using the equation (weight in kg)/(height in m)^2.
- Maternal blood pressure at 1 month [ Time Frame: 1 month ]
Sitting blood pressure will be measured on the right arm after the subject has rested quietly for 5 minutes using a digital blood pressure monitor (Omron 3-series).
- Maternal blood pressure at 6 months [ Time Frame: 6 months ]
Sitting blood pressure will be measured on the right arm after the subject has rested quietly for 5 minutes using a digital blood pressure monitor (Omron 3-series).
- Maternal blood pressure at 12 months [ Time Frame: 12 months ]
Sitting blood pressure will be measured on the right arm after the subject has rested quietly for 5 minutes using a digital blood pressure monitor (Omron 3-series).
- Maternal resting heart rate at 1 month [ Time Frame: 1 month ]
Sitting heart rate will be measured on the right arm after the subject has rested quietly for 5 minutes using a digital blood pressure monitor (Omron 3-series).
- Maternal resting heart rate at 6 months [ Time Frame: 6 months ]
Sitting heart rate will be measured on the right arm after the subject has rested quietly for 5 minutes using a digital blood pressure monitor (Omron 3-series).
- Maternal resting heart rate at 12 months [ Time Frame: 12 months ]
Sitting heart rate will be measured on the right arm after the subject has rested quietly for 5 minutes using a digital blood pressure monitor (Omron 3-series).
- Maternal diet at Pregnancy visit 1 [ Time Frame: 24-28 weeks' gestation ]
24-hour diet recalls will be conducted for one week day and one weekend day. Dietary intake will be collected and analyzed using the most current version of the Nutrition Data System for Research software (NDSR).
- Maternal diet at Pregnancy visit 2 [ Time Frame: ~35 weeks' gestation ]
24-hour diet recalls will be conducted for one week day and one weekend day. Dietary intake will be collected and analyzed using the most current version of the Nutrition Data System for Research software (NDSR).
- Maternal diet at 1 month [ Time Frame: 1 month ]
24-hour diet recalls will be conducted for one week day and one weekend day. Dietary intake will be collected and analyzed using the most current version of the Nutrition Data System for Research software (NDSR).
- Maternal diet at 6 months [ Time Frame: 6 months ]
24-hour diet recalls will be conducted for one week day and one weekend day. Dietary intake will be collected and analyzed using the most current version of the Nutrition Data System for Research software (NDSR).
- Maternal diet at 12 months [ Time Frame: 12 months ]
24-hour diet recalls will be conducted for one week day and one weekend day. Dietary intake will be collected and analyzed using the most current version of the Nutrition Data System for Research software (NDSR).
- Infant diet at 1 month [ Time Frame: 1 month ]
24-hour diet recalls will be conducted for one week day and one weekend day. Mothers will be interviewed to report on their infant's food intake. Dietary intake will be collected and analyzed using the most current version of the Nutrition Data System for Research software (NDSR).
- Infant diet at 6 months [ Time Frame: 6 months ]
24-hour diet recalls will be conducted for one week day and one weekend day. Mothers will be interviewed to report on their infant's food intake. Dietary intake will be collected and analyzed using the most current version of the Nutrition Data System for Research software (NDSR).
- Infant diet at 12 months [ Time Frame: 12 months ]
24-hour diet recalls will be conducted for one week day and one weekend day. Mothers will be interviewed to report on their infant's food intake. Dietary intake will be collected and analyzed using the most current version of the Nutrition Data System for Research software (NDSR).
- Infant feeding score assessed by Infant Feeding Questionnaire at 1 month [ Time Frame: 1 month ]
Infant feeding score will be assessed using the Baughcum Infant Feeding Questionnaire. Questions are scored using the following scale: 1-5; never, rarely, sometimes, often, always. Average scores will be used to determine the following constructs: concern about the child undereating or becoming underweight; concern about infant's hunger; awareness of infant's cues; concern about the infant becoming overweight or overeating; feeding the infant on schedule; using food to calm the infant; social interaction during feeding.
- Infant feeding score assessed by Infant Feeding Questionnaire at 6 months [ Time Frame: 6 months ]
Infant feeding score will be assessed using the Baughcum Infant Feeding Questionnaire. Questions are scored using the following scale: 1-5; never, rarely, sometimes, often, always. Average scores will be used to determine the following constructs: concern about the child undereating or becoming underweight; concern about infant's hunger; awareness of infant's cues; concern about the infant becoming overweight or overeating; feeding the infant on schedule; using food to calm the infant; social interaction during feeding.
- Infant feeding score assessed by Infant Feeding Questionnaire at 12 months [ Time Frame: 12 months ]
Infant feeding score will be assessed using the Baughcum Infant Feeding Questionnaire. Questions are scored using the following scale: 1-5; never, rarely, sometimes, often, always. Average scores will be used to determine the following constructs: concern about the child undereating or becoming underweight; concern about infant's hunger; awareness of infant's cues; concern about the infant becoming overweight or overeating; feeding the infant on schedule; using food to calm the infant; social interaction during feeding.
- Infant feeding style score assessed by Infant Feeding Style Questionnaire at 1 month [ Time Frame: 1 month ]
Infant feeding style score will be assessed using the Thompson Infant Feeding Style Questionnaire. Questions are scored using the following scale: 1-5; disagree, slightly disagree, neutral, slightly agree, agree. Average scores will be used to determine the following constructs: laissez-faire; pressuring; restrictive; responsive; and indulgent.
- Infant feeding style score assessed by Infant Feeding Style Questionnaire at 6 months [ Time Frame: 6 months ]
Infant feeding style score will be assessed using the Thompson Infant Feeding Style Questionnaire. Questions are scored using the following scale: 1-5; disagree, slightly disagree, neutral, slightly agree, agree. Average scores will be used to determine the following constructs: laissez-faire; pressuring; restrictive; responsive; and indulgent.
- Infant feeding style score assessed by Infant Feeding Style Questionnaire at 12 months [ Time Frame: 12 months ]
Infant feeding style score will be assessed using the Thompson Infant Feeding Style Questionnaire. Questions are scored using the following scale: 1-5; disagree, slightly disagree, neutral, slightly agree, agree. Average scores will be used to determine the following constructs: laissez-faire; pressuring; restrictive; responsive; and indulgent.
- Infant behavior score assessed by Infant Behavior Questionnaire at 1 month [ Time Frame: 1 month ]
Infant behavior score will be assessed using the Rothbart Infant Behavior Questionnaire. Questions are scored using the following scale: 1-7; never, very rarely, less than half the time, about half the time, more than half the time, almost always, always. Composite scores will be used to determine the following constructs: surgency/extroversion; negative affectivity; and orienting/regulation.
- Infant behavior score assessed by Infant Behavior Questionnaire at 6 months [ Time Frame: 6 months ]
Infant behavior score will be assessed using the Rothbart Infant Behavior Questionnaire. Questions are scored using the following scale: 1-7; never, very rarely, less than half the time, about half the time, more than half the time, almost always, always. Composite scores will be used to determine the following constructs: surgency/extroversion; negative affectivity; and orienting/regulation.
- Infant behavior score assessed by Infant Behavior Questionnaire at 12 months [ Time Frame: 12 months ]
Infant behavior score will be assessed using the Rothbart Infant Behavior Questionnaire. Questions are scored using the following scale: 1-7; never, very rarely, less than half the time, about half the time, more than half the time, almost always, always. Composite scores will be used to determine the following constructs: surgency/extroversion; negative affectivity; and orienting/regulation.
- Infant eating behavior score assessed by Baby Eating Behavior Questionnaire at 1 month [ Time Frame: 1 month ]
Infant eating behavior score will be assessed using the Llewellyn Baby Eating Behavior Questionnaire. Questions are scored using the following scale: 1-5; never, rarely, sometimes, often, always. Average scores will be used to determine the following constructs: food responsiveness; satiety responsiveness; slowness in eating; enjoyment of food; and general appetite.
- Infant eating behavior score assessed by Baby Eating Behavior Questionnaire at 6 months [ Time Frame: 6 months ]
Infant eating behavior score will be assessed using the Llewellyn Baby Eating Behavior Questionnaire. Questions are scored using the following scale: 1-5; never, rarely, sometimes, often, always. Average scores will be used to determine the following constructs: food responsiveness; satiety responsiveness; slowness in eating; enjoyment of food; and general appetite.
- Infant eating behavior score assessed by Baby Eating Behavior Questionnaire at 12 months [ Time Frame: 12 months ]
Infant eating behavior score will be assessed using the Llewellyn Baby Eating Behavior Questionnaire. Questions are scored using the following scale: 1-5; never, rarely, sometimes, often, always. Average scores will be used to determine the following constructs: food responsiveness; satiety responsiveness; slowness in eating; enjoyment of food; and general appetite.
- Breast milk composition at 1 month [ Time Frame: 1 month ]
Breast milk will be collected from mothers at least 11⁄2 hours since the last feeding and while the mother has fasted at least 1 hour. Samples will be analyzed for glucose, fructose, galactose, lactose and sucrose by mass spectrometry. Samples will be available for analysis of insulin, leptin, and energy content.
- Breast milk composition at 6 months [ Time Frame: 6 months ]
Breast milk will be collected from mothers at least 11⁄2 hours since the last feeding and while the mother has fasted at least 1 hour. Samples will be analyzed for glucose, fructose, galactose, lactose and sucrose by mass spectrometry. Samples will be available for analysis of insulin, leptin, and energy content.
- Breast milk composition at 12 months [ Time Frame: 12 months ]
Breast milk will be collected from mothers at least 11⁄2 hours since the last feeding and while the mother has fasted at least 1 hour. Samples will be analyzed for glucose, fructose, galactose, lactose and sucrose by mass spectrometry. Samples will be available for analysis of insulin, leptin, and energy content.
- Infant Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) brain scan at 1 month [ Time Frame: 1 month ]
Infant brain will be scanned using Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) to measure structure and function.
- Infant Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) brain scan at 6 months [ Time Frame: 6 months ]
Infant brain will be scanned using Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) to measure structure and function.
- Infant gut microbiome at 1 Month [ Time Frame: 1 month ]
Stool samples will be collected in OmniGUT gene kits and aliquoted to be stored at -80oC. Gut microbes will be analyzed using 16S sequencing.
- Infant gut microbiome at 6 Months [ Time Frame: 6 months ]
Stool samples will be collected in OmniGUT gene kits and aliquoted to be stored at -80oC. Gut microbes will be analyzed using 16S sequencing.
- Infant gut microbiome at 12 Months [ Time Frame: 12 months ]
Stool samples will be collected in OmniGUT gene kits and aliquoted to be stored at -80oC. Gut microbes will be analyzed using 16S sequencing.
- Maternal gut microbiome at 1 month [ Time Frame: 1 month ]
Stool samples will be collected in OmniGUT gene kits and aliquoted to be stored at -80oC. Gut microbes will be analyzed using 16S sequencing.
- Maternal gut microbiome at 6 months [ Time Frame: 6 months ]
Stool samples will be collected in OmniGUT gene kits and aliquoted to be stored at -80oC. Gut microbes will be analyzed using 16S sequencing.
- Maternal gut microbiome at 12 months [ Time Frame: 12 months ]
Stool samples will be collected in OmniGUT gene kits and aliquoted to be stored at -80oC. Gut microbes will be analyzed using 16S sequencing.
- Infant Diet and Behavior Questionnaire at 1 month [ Time Frame: 1 month ]
Participants will report when they stopped breastfeeding/introduced formula or solid foods.
- Infant Diet and Behavior Questionnaire at 6 months [ Time Frame: 6 months ]
Participants will report when they stopped breastfeeding/introduced formula or solid foods.
- Infant Diet and Behavior Questionnaire at 12 months [ Time Frame: 12 months ]
Participants will report when they stopped breastfeeding/introduced formula or solid foods.
- CDC Infant Feeding Practices Survey II at 1 month [ Time Frame: 1 month ]
Participants will answer questions about their and their infant's diet.
- CDC Infant Feeding Practices Survey II at 6 months [ Time Frame: 6 months ]
Participants will answer questions about their and their infant's diet.
- CDC Infant Feeding Practices Survey II at 12 months [ Time Frame: 12 months ]
Participants will answer questions about their and their infant's diet.
- Maternal Beverage Recall at Pregnancy visit 1 [ Time Frame: 24-28 weeks' gestation ]
Participants will report the beverages they have consumed over the past week. This data will be used to assess nutritional intake based on beverages.
- Maternal Beverage Recall at Pregnancy visit 2 [ Time Frame: ~35 weeks' gestation ]
Participants will report the beverages they have consumed over the past week. This data will be used to assess nutritional intake based on beverages.
- Maternal Beverage Recall at 1 month [ Time Frame: 1 month ]
Participants will report the beverages they have consumed over the past week. This data will be used to assess nutritional intake based on beverages.
- Maternal Beverage Recall at 6 months [ Time Frame: 6 months ]
Participants will report the beverages they have consumed over the past week. This data will be used to assess nutritional intake based on beverages.
- Maternal Beverage Recall at 12 months [ Time Frame: 12 months ]
Participants will report the beverages they have consumed over the past week. This data will be used to assess nutritional intake based on beverages.
- Infant Beverage Recall at 1 month [ Time Frame: 1 month ]
Mother's will report the beverages their infant has consumed over the past week. This data will be used to assess nutritional intake based on beverages.
- Infant Beverage Recall at 6 months [ Time Frame: 6 months ]
Mother's will report the beverages their infant has consumed over the past week. This data will be used to assess nutritional intake based on beverages.
- Infant Beverage Recall at 12 months [ Time Frame: 12 months ]
Mother's will report the beverages their infant has consumed over the past week. This data will be used to assess nutritional intake based on beverages.
- Perinatal Anxiety Screening Scale (PASS) at Pregnancy visit 1 [ Time Frame: 24-28 weeks' gestation ]
Participants will answer questions regarding their stress levels during and after pregnancy. Minimum = 0; maximum = 93. Higher scores represent worse outcomes.
- Perinatal Anxiety Screening Scale (PASS) at Pregnancy visit 2 [ Time Frame: ~35 weeks' gestation ]
Participants will answer questions regarding their stress levels during and after pregnancy. Minimum = 0; maximum = 93. Higher scores represent worse outcomes.
- Perinatal Anxiety Screening Scale (PASS) at 1 month [ Time Frame: 1 month ]
Participants will answer questions regarding their stress levels during and after pregnancy. Minimum = 0; maximum = 93. Higher scores represent worse outcomes.
- Perinatal Anxiety Screening Scale (PASS) at 6 months [ Time Frame: 6 months ]
Participants will answer questions regarding their stress levels during and after pregnancy. Minimum = 0; maximum = 93. Higher scores represent worse outcomes.
- Perinatal Anxiety Screening Scale (PASS) at 12 months [ Time Frame: 12 months ]
Participants will answer questions regarding their stress levels during and after pregnancy. Minimum = 0; maximum = 93. Higher scores represent worse outcomes.
- Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) at Pregnancy visit 1 [ Time Frame: 24-28 weeks' gestation ]
Participants will answer questions regarding their feelings and mood. Minimum = 0, maximum = 30. Higher scores represent worse outcomes.
- Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) at Pregnancy visit 2 [ Time Frame: ~35 weeks' gestation ]
Participants will answer questions regarding their feelings and mood. Minimum = 0, maximum = 30. Higher scores represent worse outcomes.
- Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) at 1 month [ Time Frame: 1 month ]
Participants will answer questions regarding their feelings and mood. Minimum = 0, maximum = 30. Higher scores represent worse outcomes.
- Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) at 6 months [ Time Frame: 6 months ]
Participants will answer questions regarding their feelings and mood. Minimum = 0, maximum = 30. Higher scores represent worse outcomes.
- Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) at 12 months [ Time Frame: 12 months ]
Participants will answer questions regarding their feelings and mood. Minimum = 0, maximum = 30. Higher scores represent worse outcomes.
- Pregnancy Physical Activity Questionnaire at Pregnancy visit 1 [ Time Frame: 24-28 weeks' gestation ]
Participants will answer questions about their physical activity levels over the past week. Minimum: 0 (none), maximum: 5 (3 or more hours per day). Higher scores represent better outcomes.
- Pregnancy Physical Activity Questionnaire at Pregnancy visit 2 [ Time Frame: ~35 weeks' gestation ]
Participants will answer questions about their physical activity levels over the past week. Minimum: 0 (none), maximum: 5 (3 or more hours per day). Higher scores represent better outcomes.
- Pregnancy Physical Activity Questionnaire at 1 month [ Time Frame: 1 month ]
Participants will answer questions about their physical activity levels over the past week. Minimum: 0 (none), maximum: 5 (3 or more hours per day). Higher scores represent better outcomes.
- Pregnancy Physical Activity Questionnaire at 6 months [ Time Frame: 6 months ]
Participants will answer questions about their physical activity levels over the past week. Minimum: 0 (none), maximum: 5 (3 or more hours per day). Higher scores represent better outcomes.
- Pregnancy Physical Activity Questionnaire at 12 months [ Time Frame: 12 months ]
Participants will answer questions about their physical activity levels over the past week. Minimum: 0 (none), maximum: 5 (3 or more hours per day). Higher scores represent better outcomes.
- Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) at Pregnancy visit 1 [ Time Frame: 24-28 weeks' gestation ]
Participants will answer questions about their sleeping habits over the past week.
- Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) at Pregnancy visit 2 [ Time Frame: ~35 weeks' gestation ]
Participants will answer questions about their sleeping habits over the past week.
- Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) at 1 month [ Time Frame: 1 month ]
Participants will answer questions about their sleeping habits over the past week.
- Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) at 6 months [ Time Frame: 6 months ]
Participants will answer questions about their sleeping habits over the past week.
- Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) at 12 months [ Time Frame: 12 months ]
Participants will answer questions about their sleeping habits over the past week.
