| February 21, 2018
|
| April 18, 2018
|
| March 30, 2023
|
| May 2, 2018
|
| August 1, 2025 (Final data collection date for primary outcome measure)
|
- Time to sustained disability progression [ Time Frame: From date of randomization until the date of first documented sustained disability progression, up to 75 months ]
Time to sustained disability progression is measured by the Expanded Disability Status Scale plus (EDSS+): a composite endpoint that includes EDSS change (change at any 6 month time point of > 1.0 point if baseline EDSS is < 5.5 or of > 0.5 if baseline EDSS is > 6.0, that is sustained 6 months later) OR 20% worsening on either of two specific components of the Multiple Sclerosis Functional Composite (MSFC), the timed 25-foot walk test (T25FWT) and the nine hole peg test (9HPT) that is sustained 6 months later.
- Change in Overall Burden of MS [ Time Frame: up to 48 weeks from enrollment into COVID-19 related substudy ]
The change in overall burden of MS will be defined for the COVID-19 related substudy as the occurrence of breakthrough disease (relapses or new MRI activity) or the development of new (or worsening baseline) MS symptoms, which are (for TREAT-MS) and will continue to be (during the substudy) documented at clinical visits, whether in-person or on tele-visits.
|
| Time to sustained disability progression [ Time Frame: From date of randomization until the date of first documented sustained disability progression, up to 48 months ] Time to sustained disability progression is measured by the Expanded Disability Status Scale plus (EDSS+): a composite endpoint that includes EDSS change (change at any 6 month time point of > 1.0 point if baseline EDSS is < 5.5 or of > 0.5 if baseline EDSS is > 6.0, that is sustained 6 months later) OR 20% worsening on either of two specific components of the Multiple Sclerosis Functional Composite (MSFC), the timed 25-foot walk test (T25FWT) and the nine hole peg test (9HPT) that is sustained 6 months later.
|
|
|
- Patient-Determined Disease Steps (PDDS) [ Time Frame: up to 75 months ]
PDDS is a self-assessment scale of disability due to MS on a scale from 0 to 8 and will be administered as an electronic patient-reported outcome (PRO).
- Multiple Sclerosis Functional Composite (MSFC) Composite Score [ Time Frame: up to 75 months ]
The MSFC consists of the timed 25 foot walk test, the 9-hole peg test, and the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT) and a composite MSFC z-score will be evaluated.
- Timed 25 Foot Walk Test [ Time Frame: up to 75 months ]
Time taken to complete the timed 25 foot walk test, measured twice in units of seconds, will be averaged and evaluated.
- Nine-hole Peg Test [ Time Frame: up to 75 months ]
Time taken to complete the nine-hole peg test, measured twice for each hand (dominant and non-dominant) in units of seconds, will be averaged for each hand and evaluated.
- Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT) [ Time Frame: up to 75 months ]
The paced auditory serial addition test that measures processing speed will be administered once; number and percent correct will be evaluated.
- Low contrast visual acuity [ Time Frame: up to 75 months ]
Low-contrast letter acuity (binocular, 2.5% contrast Sloan charts)
- Patient-reported incomplete relapse recovery [ Time Frame: up to 75 months ]
Among participants identified to have a relapse, relapse recovery will be defined as complete or incomplete based on patient self-report.
- Neurologic exam-based incomplete relapse recovery [ Time Frame: up to 75 months ]
Among participants identified to have a relapse, relapse recovery will be defined as complete or incomplete based on neurologic examination (those who have increased Functional System scores, corresponding to the relapse symptoms, of 1.0 point or greater for at least 6 months after the relapse onset, without subsequent accrual of worsening in that same Functional System (e.g. more indicative of progression), will be considered to have incomplete relapse recovery).
- Cognition using Symbol Digit Modality Test (SDMT) [ Time Frame: up to 75 months ]
The SDMT is commonly used in MS to assess processing speed and will be administered orally and used to evaluate changes in cognition throughout the study.
- Multiple Sclerosis Impact Scale (MSIS-29) [ Time Frame: up to 75 months ]
The MSIS-29 will be used to evaluate the impact of MS on the participants and will be administered as an electronic PRO.Multiple Sclerosis Impact Scale (MSIS-29) is an instrument used for measuring the physical (20 items) and psychological (nine items) impact of multiple sclerosis.
- Quality of Life in Neurological Disorders (Neuro-QoL): Anxiety Subscale [ Time Frame: up to 75 months ]
The Anxiety Subscale of Neuro-QoL will be administered as an electronic PRO.
- Quality of Life in Neurological Disorders (Neuro-QoL): Depression Subscale [ Time Frame: up to 75 months ]
The Depression Subscale of Neuro-QoL will be administered as an electronic PRO.
- Quality of Life in Neurological Disorders (Neuro-QoL): Fatigue Subscale [ Time Frame: up to 75 months ]
The Fatigue Subscale of Neuro-QoL will be administered as an electronic PRO.
- Quality of Life in Neurological Disorders (Neuro-QoL): Upper Extremity Function [ Time Frame: up to 75 months ]
The Upper Extremity Function Subscale of Neuro-QoL will be administered as an electronic PRO.
- Quality of Life in Neurological Disorders (Neuro-QoL): Lower Extremity Function [ Time Frame: up to 75 months ]
The Lower Extremity Function Subscale of Neuro-QoL will be administered as an electronic PRO.
- Quality of Life in Neurological Disorders (Neuro-QoL): Cognitive Function [ Time Frame: up to 75 months ]
The Cognitive Function Subscale of Neuro-QoL will be administered as an electronic PRO.
- Quality of Life in Neurological Disorders (Neuro-QoL): Positive Affect/Well-being [ Time Frame: up to 75 months ]
The Positive Affect/Well-being Subscale of Neuro-QoL will be administered as an electronic PRO.
- Quality of Life in Neurological Disorders (Neuro-QoL): Sleep Disturbance [ Time Frame: up to 75 months ]
The Sleep Disturbance Subscale of Neuro-QoL will be administered as an electronic PRO.
- Quality of Life in Neurological Disorders (Neuro-QoL): Ability to Participate in Social Roles and Activities [ Time Frame: up to 75 months ]
The Ability to Participate in Social Roles and Activities Subscale of Neuro-QoL will be administered as an electronic PRO.
- Quality of Life in Neurological Disorders (Neuro-QoL): Satisfaction with Social Roles and Activities [ Time Frame: up to 75 months ]
The Satisfaction with Social Roles and Activities Subscale of Neuro-QoL will be administered as an electronic PRO.
- Quality of Life in Neurological Disorders (Neuro-QoL): Stigma [ Time Frame: up to 75 months ]
The Stigma Subscale of Neuro-QoL will be administered as an electronic PRO.
- Employment status [ Time Frame: up to 75 months ]
The incidence of change in employment to "disabled" or "looking for work, unemployed," will be evaluated for all participants through an electronic PRO.
- Marital status [ Time Frame: up to 75 months ]
Incident divorce or separation, among those who previously were married or in a domestic partnership, will be evaluated for all participants through an electronic PRO.
- Serious Adverse Events (SAEs) [ Time Frame: up to 75 months ]
SAEs (clinically significant infections, malignancies, or the development of other serious comorbidities, as well as unplanned hospitalizations [for non-elective issues, excluding MS relapse] and death)
- Adverse event resulting in a decision to change disease-modifying therapy [ Time Frame: up to 75 months ]
Adverse events meaningful enough to lead to medication discontinuation
- Severe COVID-19 Infection [ Time Frame: up to 48 weeks from enrollment into COVID-19 related substudy ]
Severe COVID-19 infection will be defined as an outcome of "hospitalization or death" due to confirmed or suspected COVID-19 infection
|
- Patient-Determined Disease Steps (PDDS) [ Time Frame: up to 54 months ]
PDDS is a self-assessment scale of disability due to MS on a scale from 0 to 8 and will be administered as an electronic patient-reported outcome (PRO).
- Multiple Sclerosis Functional Composite (MSFC) Composite Score [ Time Frame: up to 48 months ]
The MSFC consists of the timed 25 foot walk test, the 9-hole peg test, and the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT) and a composite MSFC z-score will be evaluated.
- Timed 25 Foot Walk Test [ Time Frame: up to 48 months ]
Time taken to complete the timed 25 foot walk test, measured twice in units of seconds, will be averaged and evaluated.
- Nine-hole Peg Test [ Time Frame: up to 48 months ]
Time taken to complete the nine-hole peg test, measured twice for each hand (dominant and non-dominant) in units of seconds, will be averaged for each hand and evaluated.
- Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT) [ Time Frame: up to 48 months ]
The paced auditory serial addition test that measures processing speed will be administered once; number and percent correct will be evaluated.
- Low contrast visual acuity [ Time Frame: up to 48 months ]
Low-contrast letter acuity (binocular, 2.5% contrast Sloan charts)
- Patient-reported incomplete relapse recovery [ Time Frame: up to 48 months ]
Among participants identified to have a relapse, relapse recovery will be defined as complete or incomplete based on patient self-report.
- Neurologic exam-based incomplete relapse recovery [ Time Frame: up to 48 months ]
Among participants identified to have a relapse, relapse recovery will be defined as complete or incomplete based on neurologic examination (those who have increased Functional System scores, corresponding to the relapse symptoms, of 1.0 point or greater for at least 6 months after the relapse onset, without subsequent accrual of worsening in that same Functional System (e.g. more indicative of progression), will be considered to have incomplete relapse recovery).
- Cognition using Symbol Digit Modality Test (SDMT) [ Time Frame: up to 48 months ]
The SDMT is commonly used in MS to assess processing speed and will be administered orally and used to evaluate changes in cognition throughout the study.
- Multiple Sclerosis Impact Scale (MSIS-29) [ Time Frame: up to 48 months ]
The MSIS-29 will be used to evaluate the impact of MS on the participants and will be administered as an electronic PRO.Multiple Sclerosis Impact Scale (MSIS-29) is an instrument used for measuring the physical (20 items) and psychological (nine items) impact of multiple sclerosis.
- Quality of Life in Neurological Disorders (Neuro-QoL): Anxiety Subscale [ Time Frame: up to 48 months ]
The Anxiety Subscale of Neuro-QoL will be administered as an electronic PRO.
- Quality of Life in Neurological Disorders (Neuro-QoL): Depression Subscale [ Time Frame: up to 48 months ]
The Depression Subscale of Neuro-QoL will be administered as an electronic PRO.
- Quality of Life in Neurological Disorders (Neuro-QoL): Fatigue Subscale [ Time Frame: up to 48 months ]
The Fatigue Subscale of Neuro-QoL will be administered as an electronic PRO.
- Quality of Life in Neurological Disorders (Neuro-QoL): Upper Extremity Function [ Time Frame: up to 48 months ]
The Upper Extremity Function Subscale of Neuro-QoL will be administered as an electronic PRO.
- Quality of Life in Neurological Disorders (Neuro-QoL): Lower Extremity Function [ Time Frame: up to 48 months ]
The Lower Extremity Function Subscale of Neuro-QoL will be administered as an electronic PRO.
- Quality of Life in Neurological Disorders (Neuro-QoL): Cognitive Function [ Time Frame: up to 48 months ]
The Cognitive Function Subscale of Neuro-QoL will be administered as an electronic PRO.
- Quality of Life in Neurological Disorders (Neuro-QoL): Positive Affect/Well-being [ Time Frame: up to 48 months ]
The Positive Affect/Well-being Subscale of Neuro-QoL will be administered as an electronic PRO.
- Quality of Life in Neurological Disorders (Neuro-QoL): Sleep Disturbance [ Time Frame: up to 48 months ]
The Sleep Disturbance Subscale of Neuro-QoL will be administered as an electronic PRO.
- Quality of Life in Neurological Disorders (Neuro-QoL): Ability to Participate in Social Roles and Activities [ Time Frame: up to 48 months ]
The Ability to Participate in Social Roles and Activities Subscale of Neuro-QoL will be administered as an electronic PRO.
- Quality of Life in Neurological Disorders (Neuro-QoL): Satisfaction with Social Roles and Activities [ Time Frame: up to 48 months ]
The Satisfaction with Social Roles and Activities Subscale of Neuro-QoL will be administered as an electronic PRO.
- Quality of Life in Neurological Disorders (Neuro-QoL): Stigma [ Time Frame: up to 48 months ]
The Stigma Subscale of Neuro-QoL will be administered as an electronic PRO.
- Employment status [ Time Frame: up to 48 months ]
The incidence of change in employment to "disabled" or "looking for work, unemployed," will be evaluated for all participants through an electronic PRO.
- Marital status [ Time Frame: up to 48 months ]
Incident divorce or separation, among those who previously were married or in a domestic partnership, will be evaluated for all participants through an electronic PRO.
- Serious Adverse Events (SAEs) [ Time Frame: up to 48 months ]
SAEs (clinically significant infections, malignancies, or the development of other serious comorbidities, as well as unplanned hospitalizations [for non-elective issues, excluding MS relapse] and death)
- Adverse event resulting in a decision to change disease-modifying therapy [ Time Frame: up to 48 months ]
Adverse events meaningful enough to lead to medication discontinuation
|
- Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) evidence of neurodegeneration [ Time Frame: From 6 months after starting 1st therapy up to 75 months after randomization ]
Changes in brain MRI measures of neurodegeneration, including whole brain and normalized gray matter volumes, cortical thickness, subcortical gray matter compartment volumes, and measures of T2 lesion burden.
- Number of relapses [ Time Frame: up to 75 months ]
The number of relapses (new or worsening neurologic symptoms lasting for 24 hours or more in the absence of fever).
- Number of new brain lesions on MRI [ Time Frame: up to 75 months ]
The number of new/enlarging T2-weighted hyperintense lesions and T1-weighted hypointense lesions will be quantified on each MRI scan
- Retinal layer thickness by Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) [ Time Frame: up to 75 months ]
Retinal nerve fiber layer and ganglion cell/inner plexiform thickness will be evaluated among patients at centers and offices with access to OCT as standard of care
- Number of new medications, escalated dosage of medications, and non-pharmacologic interventions for MS-related symptoms [ Time Frame: up to 75 months ]
As an exploratory outcome, the number of newly-prescribed or dose-escalated medications used for treating MS symptoms (including pain, weakness, numbness/tingling, trouble walking, cognitive problems, fatigue, depression, anxiety, visual dysfunction, spasticity, vertigo, or bladder/bowel/sexual dysfunction) during the trial will be evaluated using the electronic health record. In addition, non-pharmacologic interventions (and referrals to other healthcare providers) for symptom management will also be captured.
|
- Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) evidence of neurodegeneration [ Time Frame: From 6 months after starting 1st therapy up to 48 months after randomization ]
Changes in brain MRI measures of neurodegeneration, including whole brain and normalized gray matter volumes, cortical thickness, subcortical gray matter compartment volumes, and measures of T2 lesion burden.
- Number of relapses [ Time Frame: up to 48 months ]
The number of relapses (new or worsening neurologic symptoms lasting for 24 hours or more in the absence of fever).
- Number of new brain lesions on MRI [ Time Frame: up to 48 months ]
The number of new/enlarging T2-weighted hyperintense lesions and T1-weighted hypointense lesions will be quantified on each MRI scan
- Retinal layer thickness by Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) [ Time Frame: up to 48 months ]
Retinal nerve fiber layer and ganglion cell/inner plexiform thickness will be evaluated among patients at centers and offices with access to OCT as standard of care
- Number of new medications, escalated dosage of medications, and non-pharmacologic interventions for MS-related symptoms [ Time Frame: up to 48 months ]
As an exploratory outcome, the number of newly-prescribed or dose-escalated medications used for treating MS symptoms (including pain, weakness, numbness/tingling, trouble walking, cognitive problems, fatigue, depression, anxiety, visual dysfunction, spasticity, vertigo, or bladder/bowel/sexual dysfunction) during the trial will be evaluated using the electronic health record. In addition, non-pharmacologic interventions (and referrals to other healthcare providers) for symptom management will also be captured.
|
| |
| Traditional Versus Early Aggressive Therapy for Multiple Sclerosis Trial
|
| A Pragmatic Trial to Evaluate the Intermediate-term Effects of Early, Aggressive Versus Escalation Therapy in People With Multiple Sclerosis
|
FDA-approved multiple sclerosis (MS) disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) target the relapsing phase of MS but have minimal impact once the progressive phase has begun. It is unclear if, in the relapsing phase, there is an advantage of early aggressive therapy with respect to preventing long-term disability. The infectious risks and other complications associated with higher-efficacy treatments highlight the need to quantify their effectiveness in preventing disability.
The TRaditional versus Early Aggressive Therapy for MS (TREAT-MS) trial is a pragmatic, randomized controlled trial that has two primary aims: 1) to evaluate, jointly and independently among patients deemed at higher risk vs. lower risk for disability accumulation, whether an "early aggressive" therapy approach, versus starting with a traditional, first-line therapy, influences the intermediate-term risk of disability, and 2) to evaluate if, among patients deemed at lower risk for disability who start on first-line MS therapies but experience breakthrough disease, those who switch to a higher-efficacy versus a new first-line therapy have different intermediate-term risk of disability.
|
FDA-approved multiple sclerosis (MS) disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) target the relapsing phase of MS but have minimal impact once the progressive phase has begun. It is unclear if, in the relapsing phase, there is an advantage of early aggressive therapy with respect to preventing long-term disability. The infectious risks and other complications associated with higher-efficacy treatments highlight the need to quantify their effectiveness in preventing disability.
The TRaditional versus Early Aggressive Therapy for MS (TREAT-MS) trial is a pragmatic, randomized controlled trial that has two primary aims: 1) to evaluate, jointly and independently among patients deemed at higher risk vs. lower risk for disability accumulation, whether an "early aggressive" therapy approach, versus starting with a traditional, first-line therapy, influences the intermediate-term risk of disability, and 2) to evaluate if, among patients deemed at lower risk for disability who start on first-line MS therapies but experience breakthrough disease, those who switch to a higher-efficacy versus a new first-line therapy have different intermediate-term risk of disability.
Hypotheses/Objectives: The main hypothesis is that intermediate-term disability will be reduced by earlier use of higher-efficacy medications. Additional objectives include a) evaluating the magnitude of the treatment effect in patients deemed to be at higher risk versus lower risk of longer-term disability (we hypothesize that the effect size will be greater in the former group) and b) evaluating if, among those without indications of a high risk of longer-term disability, breakthrough disease can be successfully managed by switching to a different first-line therapy or if escalation is required at that time (we hypothesize that switching to a higher-efficacy therapy will be more effective in preventing disability in this group).
There is a great unmet need to identify the most appropriate treatment strategy for people with MS, especially early in the disease course when it may be possible to maximize an individual's chance for preventing long-term disability. There is a paucity of evidence-based guidelines to help clinicians, patients, and payers determine which treatment strategy is best for an individual with MS. Making treatment decisions is a daunting task, and the individualized benefit-risk assessment becomes increasingly difficult as new therapies emerge. Without the availability of direct comparative trials, clinicians and patients are forced to scrutinize observational studies that only provide basic insights into what may be the best treatment path moving forward. It is equally challenging to define what constitutes a suboptimal response to a DMT for an individual patient. Clinicians lack guidance on when to switch therapies and whether to consider a different first-line or if clinicians should escalate immediately to higher-efficacy therapies, so further consensus is needed to determine the optimal time to switch therapies and escalate therapy if an individual is on a first-line therapy from the start. The TREAT-MS trial will help inform patients and the broader health care community on whether patients would most benefit from early, possibly more risky aggressive therapy or if starting with a less aggressive (and, often, less risky) therapy, followed by a switch if breakthrough disease occurs, is warranted. In addition, this study may help identify specific patient populations and/or short-term clinical and paraclinical biomarkers that are strongly predictive of long-term disability that can ensue from MS.
Accrual of sustained disability is the most feared complication for people with MS, and the patient's own perception of their well-being or ill-being has a profound impact on their quality of life. The heterogeneity and unpredictability of MS, along with lack of agreed upon treatment guidelines, augments this fear, leading to a significant negative impact on quality of life. Even patients who are deemed to have "mild" MS experience a significant negative impact on their health-related quality of life that is similar in magnitude to what patients with other severe chronic conditions (i.e., congestive heart failure and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) report. An extremely important goal for any intervention is to help improve or maintain a high quality of life; therefore, in addition to classic clinical endpoints (e.g. slowing disability progression), the TREAT-MS trial will capture several important and meaningful PROs that will shed light on what treatment strategies may be the best from a patient-centered perspective.
COVID-19 Related Substudy:
Since early 2020, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has caused clinical care and research disruptions nationwide, including for patients enrolled in the TREAT-MS trial. Many patients with MS, as well as their clinicians, are fearful that MS or the MS therapy they are using may increase the risk or severity of COVID-19 infection. Whether a person with early MS is more likely to experience more severe COVID-19 if treated with a higher-efficacy therapy is not known. Further, whether COVID-19-induced disruptions in therapy or other clinical care increase MS disease activity or MS symptoms is not clear but is relevant, particularly since greater MS activity in the early therapeutic course is associated in observational studies with worse long-term outcomes. Moreover, it is unclear if pre-pandemic anxiety and depression, common comorbidities in people with MS, contribute to decisions to delay care, overall or differently depending on therapeutic strategy (higher-efficacy vs. traditional). TREAT-MS provides an optimal cohort in which to investigate the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on MS outcomes.
COVID-19 Substudy Aim 1. To evaluate if patients enrolled in TREAT-MS delayed or altered their disease-modifying therapy schedule or other MS care, and whether such alterations are associated with a greater degree of breakthrough inflammatory disease activity or the development of new (or worsening baseline) MS symptoms.
COVID-19 Substudy Aim 2: To evaluate if patients with MS treated with higher-efficacy, versus traditional, therapies differ in the risk of severe COVID-19 infection, defined as requiring hospitalization (with or without intubation) or mortality due to COVID-19.
|
| Interventional
|
| Not Applicable
|
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
Masking: Single (Outcomes Assessor)
Primary Purpose: Treatment
|
| Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting
|
| Other: Early Aggressive Therapy or Traditional Therapy
Participants will be stratified by whether they are at higher versus lower risk for long-term disability and then randomized 1:1 to a higher-efficacy versus a traditional, first-line disease-modifying therapy (DMT) class.
|
|
|
| Not Provided
|
| |
| Recruiting
|
| 900
|
| Same as current
|
| August 1, 2025
|
| August 1, 2025 (Final data collection date for primary outcome measure)
|
Inclusion Criteria:
- Aged 18-60 years
- Meets 2017 McDonald criteria for relapsing-remitting MS [patients with clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) are not eligible]
- Must be EITHER John Cunningham (JC) virus antibody negative or low positive (index antibody titer <0.9), OR negative for: Hepatitis B and C, tuberculosis
- HIV negative
- No chemotherapy in past year; if patient has prior history of chemotherapy or malignancy, documentation in chart explaining why potential risks of higher-efficacy therapy are justified
Exclusion Criteria:
- Prior treatment with rituximab, ocrelizumab, ofatumumab, alemtuzumab, mitoxantrone or cladribine
- Prior treatment with any other MS DMT for more than 6 months
- Prior treatment with experimental aggressive therapies (e.g., T-cell vaccine, total lymphoid radiation, stem cells)
- Treatment with teriflunomide within past 2 years (even for ≤ 6 months), unless rapid wash out done (i.e., with cholestyramine or activated charcoal)
- Treatment in the past 6 months with any MS DMT
- Prior treatment with any other investigational immune-modulating /suppressing drug for MS not listed above
- Pregnant or breast-feeding
- Women of child-bearing age who are planning or strongly considering conception during the study time frame
|
| Sexes Eligible for Study: |
All |
|
| 18 Years to 60 Years (Adult)
|
| No
|
|
|
| United States
|
|
|
| |
| NCT03500328
|
| IRB00143534
|
| Yes
|
| Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated Drug Product: |
No |
| Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated Device Product: |
No |
| Product Manufactured in and Exported from the U.S.: |
No |
|
| Not Provided
|
| Johns Hopkins University
|
| Same as current
|
| Johns Hopkins University
|
| Same as current
|
| Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute
|
| Principal Investigator: |
Ellen M. Mowry, MD, MCR |
Johns Hopkins University |
| Principal Investigator: |
Scott D. Newsome, DO |
Johns Hopkins University |
|
| Johns Hopkins University
|
| March 2023
|
