Vitrectomy, Subretinal Tissue Plasminogen Activator (TPA) and Intravitreal Gas for Submacular Haemorrhage Secondary to Exudative (Wet) Age-related Macular Degeneration (TIGER). (TIGER)
![]() |
The safety and scientific validity of this study is the responsibility of the study sponsor and investigators. Listing a study does not mean it has been evaluated by the U.S. Federal Government. Know the risks and potential benefits of clinical studies and talk to your health care provider before participating. Read our disclaimer for details. |
ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04663750 |
Recruitment Status :
Recruiting
First Posted : December 11, 2020
Last Update Posted : August 3, 2022
|
- Study Details
- Tabular View
- No Results Posted
- Disclaimer
- How to Read a Study Record
The centre of the retina (macula) at the back of the eye contains cells that give us our central vision that we use for reading and recognising faces. These cells can be damaged by a disease called wet age-related macular degeneration (AMD), where new abnormal blood vessels grow through the macula and leak fluid. This can affect vision. In some cases, wet AMD can also cause a bleed under the macula, known as a submacular haemorrhage (SMH), which can lead to marked and persistent loss of vision in the eye.
The current standard treatment for wet AMD is to give injections containing 'anti-VEGF' drugs into the eye. Anti-VEGF drugs reduce the leakage of fluid so that the macula can become dry again and sight can improve.
Anti-VEGFs are also the current standard of care for SMH, mainly because there is no licensed treatment for the SMH itself (patients with SMH were excluded from most wet AMD studies).
The purpose of this study therefore is to compare two treatments:
- Standard treatment for wet AMD (anti-VEGF injections).
- Standard treatment above plus surgery. This study will find out if having surgery alongside anti-VEGF injections can improve vision further over the current standard treatment of anti-VEGF injections alone.
Condition or disease | Intervention/treatment | Phase |
---|---|---|
Eye Diseases Macular Degeneration, Wet Sub-Macular Hemorrhage | Procedure: Pars plana vitrectomy Drug: Intravitreal 2 mg aflibercept (Eylea, Bayer) will be injected at baseline then monthly for two further doses, then 2-monthly until month 12 Drug: subretinal injection of recombinant TPA (Alteplase) up to a maximum of 25 micrograms in 0.2 mls Drug: Intravitreal 20% sulfahexafluoride (SF6) gas tamponade | Phase 3 |
SMH is a rare but devastating complication of wet AMD. Untreated, SMH typically leads to permanent and severe loss of vision, ranging from 6/30 (approximately 20% normal vision) to only being able to perceive light versus dark (no useful vision).
There are no large, published, randomised controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating treatments for SMH. Hence there is no widely-accepted treatment approach. Some patients are managed by observation, others with drugs (anti-VEGF) injected into the eye, others with eye surgery (vitrectomy, subretinal TPA, gas) and combinations thereof. From a regulatory perspective the standard treatment is with anti-VEGF injections alone, since these are licensed for the treatment of wet AMD (and there is no treatment licensed for SMH). This study will test the hypothesis that surgery with anti-VEGF injections for SMH due to wet AMD is superior to the current standard of treatment with anti-VEGF injections alone. The results will help guide future clinical practice to maximise the visual outcomes for patients with SMH. Most potential participants will present or be referred to the clinics of the investigators who provide routine care for wet AMD. Referrals may arise from research networks, family physicians, optometrists or ophthalmologists.
After confirming the diagnosis of SMH, informed consent will be obtained and potential participants will be asked to sign a consent form. Following this, baseline screening will occur, including a clinical examination and a series of vision tests to confirm eligibility to take part in the study.
Once successfully screened, each participant will be randomly allocated to one of the two study groups:
- Standard current treatment with anti-VEGF injections: participants will be given their first injection into the study eye at the screening/baseline visit, or otherwise within a few days. Following this, each participant will receive another injection at month 1, another at month 2 and thereafter one injection every two months until the end of the study (month 12). Anaesthetic eye drops will be given to numb the eye before each injection.
- Standard current treatment with anti-VEGF injections plus surgery: participants will be given their first injection into the study eye at the time of surgery and then all other injections as per the schedule above. During the surgery, the clear gel (vitreous) that fills the inside of the eye will be removed and a clot-busting drug (TPA) will be injected into the eye to help break up the blood clot. The inside of the eye will then be filled with gas to help push the dissolved clot away from the macula. Various options for anaesthetic will be discussed with each participant before surgery, including (i) local anaesthetic only, (ii) local anaesthetic with some sedation, to reduce any anxiety or (iii) general anaesthetic so the participant is asleep during the surgery. If the participant also has a cataract or is likely to develop one, the surgeon will discuss the option of having cataract surgery as part of the same operation.
After the surgery, participants will be asked to keep their heads forward, to enable the gas bubble to move the blood clot away from the macula. This should be done for 50 minutes out of every hour for the first five days. During the 10-minute breaks, participants will be encouraged to move around and be active. At night, participants will be asked to sleep on the side of the operated eye, i.e. with the operated eye lowest. The gas is expected to disappear from the eye around 4-8 weeks after surgery.
Participants who have had surgery will be instructed to return for follow up the day after surgery and also one week later. All participants will also have a clinical examination at 6 and 12 months that will include tests of their vision. They will also attend regularly for anti-VEGF injections: every month for the first three visits, then every two months until the study is completed at month 12.
Study Type : | Interventional (Clinical Trial) |
Estimated Enrollment : | 210 participants |
Allocation: | Randomized |
Intervention Model: | Parallel Assignment |
Intervention Model Description: | Experimental arm: pars plana vitrectomy, sub retinal injection of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (TPA), intravitreal sulfahexafluoride (SF6) gas tamponade and intravitreal aflibercept. Active comparator arm: intravitreal aflibercept. |
Masking: | Single (Outcomes Assessor) |
Primary Purpose: | Treatment |
Official Title: | Vitrectomy, Subretinal Tissue Plasminogen Activator and Intravitreal Gas for Submacular Haemorrhage Secondary to Exudative Age-Related Macular Degeneration (TIGER): a Phase 3, Pan-European, Two-group, Observer-masked, Superiority, Randomised Controlled Surgical Trial. |
Actual Study Start Date : | April 16, 2021 |
Estimated Primary Completion Date : | January 2025 |
Estimated Study Completion Date : | December 2025 |

Arm | Intervention/treatment |
---|---|
Experimental: Arm A - Surgery with aflibercept
Surgery with aflibercept at the end of surgery, with post-operative review day 1 and week 1 (day 7)
|
Procedure: Pars plana vitrectomy
Pars plana vitrectomy Drug: Intravitreal 2 mg aflibercept (Eylea, Bayer) will be injected at baseline then monthly for two further doses, then 2-monthly until month 12 Intravitreal 2 mg aflibercept (Eylea, Bayer) will be injected at baseline then monthly for two further doses, then 2-monthly until month 12.
Other Name: Aflibercept (Eylea, Bayer) Drug: subretinal injection of recombinant TPA (Alteplase) up to a maximum of 25 micrograms in 0.2 mls Subretinal injection of recombinant TPA (Alteplase, Actilyse, Boehringer Ingelheim) up to a maximum of 25 micrograms in 0.2 mls.
Other Name: Actilyse (Boehringer Ingelheim) Drug: Intravitreal 20% sulfahexafluoride (SF6) gas tamponade Intravitreal 20% sulfahexafluoride (SF6) gas tamponade. |
Active Comparator: Arm B - Aflibercept monotherapy
Aflibercept monotherapy commencing at baseline.
|
Drug: Intravitreal 2 mg aflibercept (Eylea, Bayer) will be injected at baseline then monthly for two further doses, then 2-monthly until month 12
Intravitreal 2 mg aflibercept (Eylea, Bayer) will be injected at baseline then monthly for two further doses, then 2-monthly until month 12.
Other Name: Aflibercept (Eylea, Bayer) |
- assessment of Early Treat of Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) letters of best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) in the study eye. [ Time Frame: 12 months ]The primary outcome is the proportion of participants with a BCVA gain ≥10 ETDRS letters in the study eye at the 12 month visit.
- Assessment of Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) letter improvement in Best-Corrected Visual Acuity (BCVA) in the study eye [ Time Frame: 6 months ]Change in ETDRS letters in BCVA in the study eye at the month 6 visit.
- Mean ETDRS BCVA [ Time Frame: 6 and 12 months ]
- Radner maximum reading speed [ Time Frame: 6 and 12 months ]
- Area of scotoma size using Humphrey Field Analyser 10-2 or equivalent [ Time Frame: 6 and 12 month ]
- National Eye Institute 25-item visual function questionnaire (NEI VFQ-25). composite score. [ Time Frame: 6 and 12 months. ]
- EQ-5D-5L with vision bolt-on score. [ Time Frame: 6 and 12 months. ]
- Presence/absence of subfoveal fibrosis and/or atrophy and area of fibrosis/atrophy using multimodal reading centre image analysis. [ Time Frame: 12 months. ]Presence or absence of subfoveal fibrosis and/or atrophy and area of fovea-involving fibrosis/atrophy assessed using multimodal imaging by an independent reading centre, combining spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT), fundus autofluorescence (FAF) and stereo fundus photographs.

Choosing to participate in a study is an important personal decision. Talk with your doctor and family members or friends about deciding to join a study. To learn more about this study, you or your doctor may contact the study research staff using the contacts provided below. For general information, Learn About Clinical Studies.
Ages Eligible for Study: | 50 Years to 120 Years (Adult, Older Adult) |
Sexes Eligible for Study: | All |
Accepts Healthy Volunteers: | No |
Inclusion Criteria:
General
-
Males or females aged at least 50 years
Study eye
- SMH, comprising sub-neuroretinal haemorrhage with or without sub-RPE haemorrhage, that occurs secondary to treatment naïve, or previously treated exudative AMD, including choroidal neovascularisation (CNV), idiopathic polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (IPCV) and retinal angiomatous proliferation (RAP).
- SMH involving the foveal centre that measures at least 1 disc diameter in greatest linear dimension.
- Sub-neuroretinal haemorrhage at least 125 microns thick, measured at the foveal centre using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT).
- BCVA between counting fingers and an Early Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) letter score of 70, inclusive.
Exclusion Criteria:
General
- Serious allergy to fluorescein or indocyanine green (ICG).
- Hypersensitivity to alteplase (Actilyse), gentamicin, arginine, phosphoric acid, polysorbate 80 or aflibercept (Eylea).
- Stroke, transient ischaemic attack or myocardial infarction within 6 months.
- Participation in another interventional study within 12 weeks of enrolment or planned to occur during this study.
- Women who are breast feeding, pregnant, or planning to become pregnant during the clinical trial. Any sexually active women of childbearing potential must agree continued abstinence from heterosexual intercourse or to use highly effective methods of birth control for the duration up to 12 weeks post IMP administration. Men must also agree to use a condom if their partner is of child bearing potential, even if they have had a successful vasectomy. Females of childbearing potential are females who have experienced menarche and are not surgically sterilised (e.g. hysterectomy or bilateral salpingectomy) or post-menopausal (defined as at least 1 year since last regular menstrual period). Highly effective methods of birth control are those with a failure rate of < 1% per year when employed consistently and correctly, eg. combined (oestrogen and progestogen containing) hormonal contraception associated with inhibition of ovulation via oral, intravaginal, and transdermal routes; progestogen-only hormonal contraception associated with inhibition of ovulation via oral, injectable, implantable, intrauterine device (IUD), or intrauterine hormone-releasing system ( IUS); or vasectomised partner.
- International Normalised Ratio (INR) greater than 3.5, unless it is anticipated that the INR can be brought below this level prior to vitrectomy, balancing the systemic risks with those of intraocular haemorrhage.
- Unwilling, unable, or unlikely to return for scheduled follow-up for the duration of the trial.
-
Any other condition which, in the opinion of the investigator, would prevent the participant from granting informed consent or complying with the protocol, such as dementia, mental illness, or serious systemic medical disease.
Study eye
- SMH that is known or estimated to have been present for longer than 15 days, as evidenced by history, pre-trial clinical documentation, or fundus appearance.
- SMH due to eye disease other than exudative AMD.
- Current active proliferative diabetic retinopathy.
- Current intraocular inflammation.
- Current ocular or periocular infection other than blepharitis.
- Current or known former high myopia (>6 dioptres).
- Aphakia.
- Other current or pre-existing ocular conditions that, in the opinion of the Investigator, will preclude any improvement in BCVA following resolution of SMH, such as severe central macular atrophy or fibrosis, dense amblyopia, macular hole involving the fovea, or very poor BCVA prior to presentation with SMH (counting fingers or worse).
- Inadequate pupillary dilation or significant media opacities, which will prevent adequate clinical evaluation of the posterior segment or fundus imaging.
- Intraocular surgery within 12 weeks of enrolment except for uncomplicated cataract surgery, which is permitted within 8 weeks of enrolment.

To learn more about this study, you or your doctor may contact the study research staff using the contact information provided by the sponsor.
Please refer to this study by its ClinicalTrials.gov identifier (NCT number): NCT04663750
Contact: Riti Desai, M.Sc.,M.Phil. | 0044 2032991297 ext 31297 | ritidesai@nhs.net | |
Contact: Lisa Ramazzotto, M.Pharm | 0044 2032991297 ext 31297 | kch-tr.tigerstudy@nhs.net |
United Kingdom | |
Mid and South Essex NHS Foundation Trust | Recruiting |
Chelmsford, Essex, United Kingdom, CM1 7ET | |
Principal Investigator: Raiji Koothoor | |
Kent & Canterbury Hospital (East Kent University) | Recruiting |
Canterbury, Kent, United Kingdom, CT1 3 NG | |
Principal Investigator: Yvonne Luo | |
The Princess Alexandra Eye Pavilion | Recruiting |
Edinburgh, Scotlan, United Kingdom, EH3 9HA | |
Principal Investigator: Manjit Mehat | |
Sunderland Eye Infimary | Recruiting |
Sunderland, Tyne And Wear, United Kingdom, SR2 9HP | |
Principal Investigator: Jonathan Smith | |
Hull Royal Infirmary | Recruiting |
Hull, Yorkshire, United Kingdom, HU3 2JZ | |
Principal Investigator: Abdallah Ellabban | |
Belfast Health and Social Care Trust | Recruiting |
Belfast, United Kingdom, BT9 7AB | |
Principal Investigator: Noemi Lois | |
Bristol Eye Hospital | Recruiting |
Bristol, United Kingdom, BS1 2LX | |
Principal Investigator: Johannes Keller | |
Royal Liverpool University Hospital | Recruiting |
Liverpool, United Kingdom, L7 8 XP | |
Principal Investigator: Ruman Hussain | |
Barts Health NHST trust - Whipps Cross University Hospital | Recruiting |
London, United Kingdom, E11 1NR | |
Principal Investigator: Hadi Zambarakji | |
Moorfields Eye Hospital | Recruiting |
London, United Kingdom, EC1V 2PD | |
Principal Investigator: Louisa Wickham | |
Imperial College Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust (The Western Eye Hospital) | Recruiting |
London, United Kingdom, NW1 5QH | |
Principal Investigator: Rahila Zakir | |
King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust | Recruiting |
London, United Kingdom, SE5 9RS | |
Contact: Timothy L Jackson, PhD, FRCOphth +44 20 3299 1297 ext 31297 | |
Contact: Riti Desai, M.Sc, M.Phil +44 20 3299 1297 ext 31297 ritidesai@nhs.net | |
Principal Investigator: Timothy L Jackson, PhD, FRCOphth | |
Royal Victoria Infirmary | Recruiting |
Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom, NE1 4LP | |
Principal Investigator: Roxane Hillier | |
Torbay and South Devon NHS | Recruiting |
Torquay, United Kingdom, TQ2 7AA | |
Principal Investigator: Eddie Doyle |
Principal Investigator: | Timothy L Jackson, PhD, FRCOphth | Kings College London & Kings College Hospital |
Responsible Party: | King's College Hospital NHS Trust |
ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: | NCT04663750 |
Other Study ID Numbers: |
IRAS Project ID: 276366 2020-004917-10 ( EudraCT Number ) |
First Posted: | December 11, 2020 Key Record Dates |
Last Update Posted: | August 3, 2022 |
Last Verified: | August 2022 |
Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated Drug Product: | No |
Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated Device Product: | No |
Macular Degeneration, Wet Sub-Macular Hemorrhage |
Hemorrhage Macular Degeneration Eye Diseases Wet Macular Degeneration Pathologic Processes Retinal Degeneration Retinal Diseases Aflibercept Tissue Plasminogen Activator |
Angiogenesis Inhibitors Angiogenesis Modulating Agents Growth Substances Physiological Effects of Drugs Growth Inhibitors Antineoplastic Agents Fibrinolytic Agents Fibrin Modulating Agents Molecular Mechanisms of Pharmacological Action |