CO2 vs. Air Insufflation for Endoscopic Ultrasound
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ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02773563 |
Recruitment Status :
Completed
First Posted : May 16, 2016
Last Update Posted : April 10, 2017
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The insufflation of air in the viscera is indispensable during endoscopy. However, the distension of the bowel that follows is often the cause of abdominal discomfort.
Carbon dioxide (CO2) has been widely used for insufflation in endoscopy. CO2 insufflation is demonstrated in the literature to cause lower abdominal discomfort as it is quickly reabsorbed by the body.
Endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) is a method in which you associate the endoscopic view and the ultrasound vision obtained from the inside of the viscera.
The diagnostic accuracy of EUS is undermined by the visual artifacts caused by the presence of air between the probe and the organ to be studied.
Although the use of CO2 is already widely applied by many endoscopists, there are no studies to date concerning the use of CO2 during EUS from the point of view of the abdominal discomfort related to the procedure and/or the quality of the images obtained.
The main purpose of the study is to assess whether the insufflation of CO2 results in a reduction of discomfort of the patients undergoing EUS. The study design is observational because no randomization or other interventions are planned; participants will be assigned to either air or CO2 insufflation according to the endoscopic room equipment (one room is equipped with CO2 insufflation while another endoscopic room is equipped just with air insufflation) and the results of the two groups will be compared. Among the secondary goals the investigators want to evaluate whether insufflation of CO2 is associated with a reduction in the dose required for patients sedation. Finally, the investigators want to clarify whether the use of CO2 is able to produce less visual artifacts than air and thus improve the quality of EUS images.
Condition or disease | Intervention/treatment |
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Lesion; Gastrointestinal Liver, Biliary, Pancreas and Gastrointestinal Disease, Nos | Other: EUS with air insufflation Other: EUS with CO2 insufflation |
The insufflation of air in the viscera during endoscopy is indispensable in order to allow the advancement of endoscopic probe, to visualize the mucosa and to avoid injury to the gastrointestinal wall. However, the distension of the bowel that follows is often the cause of abdominal discomfort since the air blown appears to be slightly absorbable and therefore it needs a long time to be expelled.
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a gas that has already been widely used for insufflation in endoscopy. CO2 insufflation is demonstrated in the literature to cause lower abdominal discomfort as it is quickly reabsorbed by the body. This gas is at the same time devoid of side effects.
Studies in the literature focus mainly on the intensity of abdominal discomfort after the insufflation of CO2 vs. air while performing colonoscopy, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) and enteroscopy.
Endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) is a method in which you associate the endoscopic view and the ultrasound vision obtained from the inside of the viscera. The main indications to EUS are represented by the study of the biliary pancreatic diseases, the staging of the digestive tract tumors and the differential diagnosis of submucosal tumors.
The diagnostic accuracy of EUS is undermined by the visual artifacts caused by the presence of air between the probe and the organ to be studied; during the procedure the endoscopist must ensure, by means of repeated suctions, that the least possible amount of air is present inside the viscera.
Although the use of CO2 is already widely applied by many endoscopists, there are no studies to date concerning the use of CO2 during EUS from the point of view of the abdominal discomfort related to the procedure and/or the quality of the images obtained.
At the moment, with regard to EUS, there are no recommendations regarding the use of a gas rather than the other; the choice is in fact at the discretion of the operator and also it depends on the availability in the individual endoscopic units of the instrumentation for CO2 insufflation.
At Our Endoscopic Unit, CO2 or air insufflation is decided upon the availability of the equipment in the endoscopic room; in particular, in Suite 1, patients receive air insufflation and in Suite 2 they receive CO2 insufflation. The assignment into one or the other endoscopic room is purely casual according to scheduling the next free available slot.
The main purpose of the study is to assess whether there is any difference between CO2 and air insufflation in inducing discomfort of the patients undergoing EUS. The study design is observational because no randomization or other intervention modifications are planned; participants will be assigned to either air or CO2 insufflation according to the endoscopic room equipment (one room is equipped with CO2 insufflation while another endoscopic room is equipped just with air insufflation) and the results of the two groups will be compared. Among the secondary goals the investigators want to evaluate whether insufflation of CO2 is associated with a reduction in the dose required for patients sedation. Finally, the investigators want to clarify whether the use of CO2 is able to produce less visual artifacts than air and thus improve the quality of EUS images.
Study Type : | Observational |
Actual Enrollment : | 200 participants |
Observational Model: | Case-Control |
Time Perspective: | Prospective |
Official Title: | Role of CO2 Insufflation vs. Air Insufflation for Endoscopic Ultrasound: a Prospective Observational Study |
Study Start Date : | April 2016 |
Actual Primary Completion Date : | March 2017 |
Actual Study Completion Date : | April 2017 |

Group/Cohort | Intervention/treatment |
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EUS with CO2 insufflation
Patients undergoing EUS with CO2 insufflation
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Other: EUS with CO2 insufflation
Diagnostic procedure using an echoendoscope for the study of pancreaticobiliary or gastrointestinal diseases using CO2 insufflation |
EUS with air insufflation
Patients undergoing EUS with air insufflation
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Other: EUS with air insufflation
Diagnostic procedure using an echoendoscope for the study of pancreaticobiliary or gastrointestinal diseases using air insufflation |
- Abdominal discomfort [ Time Frame: through study completion, an average of 1 year ]Self reported pain measurement after endoscopic ultrasound assessed with a Visual Analog Scale (VAS 0-10)
- Dose of sedation [ Time Frame: through study completion, an average of 1 year ]Measured by the physician after endoscopic ultrasound
- Quality of EUS images [ Time Frame: through study completion, an average of 1 year ]Evaluation of the quality of EUS images by several physicians

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Ages Eligible for Study: | 18 Years to 85 Years (Adult, Older Adult) |
Sexes Eligible for Study: | All |
Accepts Healthy Volunteers: | No |
Sampling Method: | Non-Probability Sample |
Inclusion Criteria:
• Consecutive patients referred for EUS
Exclusion Criteria:
- Age <18
- Pregnancy
- Unwillingness to participate

To learn more about this study, you or your doctor may contact the study research staff using the contact information provided by the sponsor.
Please refer to this study by its ClinicalTrials.gov identifier (NCT number): NCT02773563
Italy | |
Gastrointestinal Unit, University of Bologna/Hospital of Imola | |
Imola (BO), Italy, 40026 |
Principal Investigator: | Pietro Fusaroli, MD | Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, GI Unit, University of Bologna/Hospital of Imola, Imola, Italy |
Responsible Party: | Pietro Fusaroli, Associate professor, University of Bologna |
ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: | NCT02773563 |
Other Study ID Numbers: |
2016/001 |
First Posted: | May 16, 2016 Key Record Dates |
Last Update Posted: | April 10, 2017 |
Last Verified: | April 2017 |
Individual Participant Data (IPD) Sharing Statement: | |
Plan to Share IPD: | No |
Gastrointestinal Diseases Digestive System Diseases |