A Randomized Trial of Induction Versus Expectant Management (ARRIVE)

• ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01990612
• Recruitment Status: Completed
• First Posted: November 21, 2013
• Results First Posted: January 25, 2019
• Last Update Posted: February 21, 2019
• Sponsor: The George Washington University Biostatistics Center
• Collaborator: Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD)
• Information provided by (Responsible Party): The George Washington University Biostatistics Center

Study Description

Brief Summary:

A randomized clinical trial to assess whether elective induction of labor at 39 weeks of gestation compared with expectant management will improve outcomes.

Condition or disease	Intervention/treatment	Phase
Labor and Delivery	Procedure: Elective Induction of Labor	Not Applicable

Detailed Description:

Given the reported increased risks of adverse events in pregnancies extending beyond 39 weeks it has been hypothesized that a policy of planned elective induction at 39 weeks could improve outcomes for the infant and the mother. For multiparous patients, especially those with a favorable cervix, it is perhaps easy to justify an elective induction at 39 weeks given the low risk of cesarean section. However, for nulliparous patients the current evidence, derived mainly from retrospective observational studies, does not allow a clear recommendation. Nevertheless, a trend towards an increased rate of elective labor induction in pregnancies at 39 weeks has been reported, indicating that practitioners are more commonly using elective induction at this gestational age,even as others caution against routine elective induction prior to 41 weeks given the reported increased risk of cesarean delivery. Ultimately, a randomized controlled trial is necessary to satisfactorily understand whether elective induction of labor of nulliparas at 39 weeks improves neonatal and maternal outcomes.

Study Design

• Study Type: Interventional (Clinical Trial)
• Actual Enrollment: 6106 participants
• Allocation: Randomized
• Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
• Intervention Model Description: Randomized trial of 6000 women at 38 weeks 0 days to 38 weeks 6 days randomized to one of two arms: elective induction of labor between 39 weeks 0 days and 39 weeks 4 days; or expectant management (unless a medical indication arises) until at least 40 weeks 5 days.
• Masking: None (Open Label)
• Primary Purpose: Prevention
• Official Title: Induction in Nulliparous Women at 39 Weeks to Prevent Adverse Outcomes: A Randomized Controlled Trial
• Study Start Date: March 2014
• Actual Primary Completion Date: November 2017
• Actual Study Completion Date: January 2018

Arms and Interventions

Arm	Intervention/treatment
No Intervention: Expectant Management; Expectant management (unless a medical indication arises) until at least 40 weeks 5 days.
Elective Induction of Labor; Elective induction of labor between 39 weeks 0 days and 39 weeks 4 days	Procedure: Elective Induction of Labor; Women randomized to induction of labor will undergo induction via oxytocin at 39 weeks 0 days to 39 weeks 4 days. Those with an unfavorable cervix (modified Bishop score < 5) will first undergo cervical ripening (method left to the discretion of the patient's physician) in conjunction with or followed by oxytocin stimulation unless a contraindication arises.

Outcome Measures

Primary Outcome Measures :

1. Composite of Severe Neonatal Morbidity and Perinatal Mortality [ Time Frame: delivery through 72 hours after birth ]

   Includes any one of:

   • Perinatal death
   • Need for respiratory support within 72 hours after birth
   • Apgar score of 3 or less at 5 minutes
   • Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy
   • Seizure
   • Infection (confirmed sepsis or pneumonia)
   • Meconium aspiration system
   • Birth trauma (bone fracture, neurologic injury or retinal hemorrhage)
   • Intracranial or subaleal hemorrhage
   • Hypotension requiring vasopressor support
2. Perinatal Death (Component of Primary Outcome) [ Time Frame: antepartum pregnancy period through hospital discharge ]
   Perinatal death includes antepartum stillbirth, intrapartum stillbirth and neonatal death
3. Number of Participant Infants Requiring Respiratory Support (Component of Primary Outcome) [ Time Frame: Delivery through discharge ]
   Respiratory support includes mechanical ventilation, continuous positive airway pressure or high flow nasal cannula and cardiorespiratory resuscitation
4. Number of Infants With Apgar Score ≤3 at 5 Minutes (Component of Primary Outcome) [ Time Frame: Delivery through 5 minutes after birth ]
   The Apgar score is based on a total score of 1 to 10. The higher the score, the better the baby is doing after birth. A score of 7, 8, or 9 is normal and is a sign that the newborn is in good health.
5. Number of Infants With Neonatal Hypoxic-ischemic Encelphalopathy (Component of Primary Outcome) [ Time Frame: delivery through discharge ]
6. Number of Infants With Neonatal Seizure (Component of Primary Outcome) [ Time Frame: Delivery through discharge ]
7. Number of Infants With Neonatal Infection (Component of Primary Outcome) [ Time Frame: delivery through discharge ]
   Neonatal infection includes confirmed sepsis and/or confirmed pneumonia
8. Number of Infants With Meconium Aspiration Syndrome (Component of Primary Outcome) [ Time Frame: Delivery through discharge ]
9. Number of Infants With Birth Trauma (Component of Primary Outcome) [ Time Frame: During the Delivery process ]
   Birth trauma includes clavicular, skull or other fracture; brachial plexus palsy, facial nerve palsy, retinal hemorrhage or vocal cord paralysis
10. Number of Infants With Intracranial or Subgaleal Hemorrhage (Component of Primary Outcome) [ Time Frame: delivery through disharge ]
    Intracranial or subgaleal hemorrhage includes Intraventricular hemorrhage grades III or IV, subdural hematoma, subarachnoid hematoma, and subgaleal hematoma
11. Hypotension Requiring Vasopressor Support (Component of Primary Outcome) [ Time Frame: delivery through discharge ]

Secondary Outcome Measures :

1. Number of Participants With Cesarean Delivery [ Time Frame: delivery ]
2. Number of Participants Who Had Uterine Incisional Extension at Cesarean Delivery [ Time Frame: delivery ]
   Incisional extensions at cesarean section, including J shape or T shape; or cervical traumas
3. Participants Who Had Operative Vaginal Delivery [ Time Frame: delivery ]
4. Number of Participants Who Had Chorioamnionitis [ Time Frame: at any time from randomization through delivery ]
   Chorioamnionitis, defined as a clinical diagnosis before delivery
5. Number of Participants With Third or Fourth Degree Perineal Laceration [ Time Frame: delivery ]
6. Number of Maternal Deaths [ Time Frame: from randomization to hospital discharge ]
   Maternal death at anytime between randomization and hospital discharge.
7. Number of Participants Admitted to Intensive Care Unit (ICU) [ Time Frame: delivery through hospital discharge ]
   Admission of the participant to the intensive care unit (ICU)
8. Number of Participants Experiencing Hypertensive Disorder of Pregnancy [ Time Frame: Randomization to hospital discharge ]
9. Number of Participants With Postpartum Hemorrhage [ Time Frame: delivery through hospital discharge ]

   defined as any of the following:

   • Transfusion
   • Non-elective hysterectomy
   • Use of two or more uterotonics other than oxytocin
   • Other surgical interventions such as uterine compression sutures, uterine artery ligation, embolization, hypogastric ligation, or balloon tamponade
   • Curettage
10. Labor Agentry Scale Scores [ Time Frame: Between 6 hours after delivery and 8 weeks after delivery ]
    Scores on the Labor Agentry Scale range from 29 to 203, with higher scores indicating greater perceived control during childbirth; included are women who had spontaneous labor, labor that started spontaneously but then was augmented, or induced labor.
11. Labor Pain Scores [ Time Frame: During labor and delivery ]
    Labor pain was scored according to a 10-point Likert scale, with higher scores indicating greater pain; included are women who had spontaneous labor, labor that started spontaneously but then was augmented, or induced labor.
12. Number of Participants With Maternal Postpartum Infection [ Time Frame: delivery through discharge ]

    Defined as any of the following:

    • Clinical diagnosis of endometritis
    • Wound reopened for hematoma, seroma, infection or other reasons
    • Cellulitis requiring antibiotics
    • Pneumonia
    • Pyelonephritis
    • Bacteremia - unknown source
    • Septic pelvic thrombosis
13. Number of Participants With Venous Thromboembolism [ Time Frame: delivery through discharge ]
    Maternal deep venous thrombosis or pulmonary embolism
14. Number of Participants With Indications for Cesarean Delivery [ Time Frame: Labor and delivery ]
    Number of participants with indications for cesarean delivery including dystocia, non-reassuring fetal status or other indication
15. Duration of Respiratory Support [ Time Frame: delivery through hospital discharge ]
    including ventilator, CPAP, high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC)
16. Number of Infants With Cephalohematoma [ Time Frame: delivery through hospital discharge ]
17. Shoulder Dystocia [ Time Frame: delivery ]
18. Number of Infants Who Had Transfusion of Blood Products or Blood [ Time Frame: delivery through hospital discharge ]
19. Number of Infants With Hyperbilirubinemia [ Time Frame: delivery through discharge ]
    Hyperbilirubinemia requiring phototherapy or exchange transfusion
20. Number of Infants With Neonatal Hypoglycemia [ Time Frame: delivery through discharge ]
    glucose < 35 mg/dl and requiring IV therapy
21. Number Infants Admitted to NICU or Intermediate Care [ Time Frame: delivery through hospital discharge ]
    Number infants admitted to intensive care unit (NICU) or intermediate care unit
22. Number of Hours on the Labor and Delivery Unit [ Time Frame: Hours from admission to L&D to discharge from L&D ]
    Median duration of stay in labor and delivery unit
23. Maternal Postpartum Length of Hospital Stay [ Time Frame: delivery through hospital discharge ]
24. Neonatal Length of Hospital Stay [ Time Frame: delivery through hospital discharge ]
25. Number of Participants With Indications for Operative Vaginal Delivery [ Time Frame: Labor and delivery ]
    Number of participants with indications for operative vaginal delivery including dystocia, non-reassuring fetal status and other indications
26. Number of Participants and Breastfeeding Status at 4-8 Weeks After Delivery [ Time Frame: 4-8 weeks after delivery ]
    Breastfeeding status includes breastfeeding, breastfeeding and formula feeding, or formula feeding

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: Child, Adult, Older Adult
• Sexes Eligible for Study: Female
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No

Criteria

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Nulliparous - no previous pregnancy beyond 20 weeks
2. Singleton gestation. Twin gestation reduced to singleton, either spontaneously or therapeutically, is not eligible unless the reduction occurred before 14 weeks project gestational age.
3. Gestational age at randomization between 38 weeks 0 days and 38 weeks 6 days inclusive based on clinical information and evaluation of the earliest ultrasound.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Project gestational age at date of first ultrasound is > 20 weeks 6 days
2. Plan for induction of labor prior to 40 weeks 5 days
3. Plan for cesarean delivery or contraindication to labor
4. Breech presentation
5. Signs of labor (regular painful contractions with cervical change)
6. Fetal demise or known major fetal anomaly
7. Heparin or low-molecular weight heparin during the current pregnancy
8. Placenta previa, accreta, vasa previa
9. Active vaginal bleeding greater than bloody show
10. Ruptured membranes
11. Cerclage in current pregnancy
12. Known oligohydramnios, defined as AFI < 5 or MVP < 2
13. Fetal growth restriction, defined as EFW < 10th percentile
14. Known HIV positivity because of modified delivery plan
15. Major maternal medical illness associated with increased risk for adverse pregnancy outcome (for example, any diabetes mellitus, lupus, any hypertensive disorder, cardiac disease, renal insufficiency)
16. Refusal of blood products
17. Participation in another interventional study that influences management of labor at delivery or perinatal morbidity or mortality
18. Delivery planned elsewhere at a non-Network site

Contacts and Locations

Locations

United States, Alabama

University of Alabama - Birmingham

Birmingham, Alabama, United States, 35233

United States, California

Stanford University

Stanford, California, United States, 94305-5317

United States, Colorado

University of Colorado

Denver, Colorado, United States, 80045

United States, Illinois

Northwestern University-Prentice Hospital

Chicago, Illinois, United States, 60611

United States, New York

Columbia University-St. Luke's Hospital

New York, New York, United States, 10032

United States, North Carolina

University of North Carolina - Chapel Hill

Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States, 27599

Duke University

Durham, North Carolina, United States, 27710

United States, Ohio

Case Western Reserve University

Cleveland, Ohio, United States, 44109

Ohio State University Hospital

Columbus, Ohio, United States, 43210

United States, Pennsylvania

Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States, 19104

Magee Womens Hospital of UPMC

Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States, 15213

United States, Rhode Island

Brown University

Providence, Rhode Island, United States, 02905

United States, Texas

Dept of OB/GYN, Southwestern Medical Center, University of Texas

Dallas, Texas, United States, 75235-9032

University of Texas - Galveston

Galveston, Texas, United States, 77555

University of Texas - Houston

Houston, Texas, United States, 77030

United States, Utah

University of Utah

Salt Lake City, Utah, United States, 84132

Sponsors and Collaborators

The George Washington University Biostatistics Center

Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD)

Investigators

• Study Director: Menachem Miodovnik, MD; Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD)
• Principal Investigator: Rebecca Clifton, PhD; The George Washington University Biostatistics Center
• Study Chair: William Grobman, MD; Northwestern University

  Study Documents (Full-Text)

Documents provided by The George Washington University Biostatistics Center:

Study Protocol, Statistical Analysis Plan, and Informed Consent Form  [PDF] October 31, 2013

More Information

Publications of Results:

Grobman WA, Rice MM, Reddy UM, Tita ATN, Silver RM, Mallett G, Hill K, Thom EA, El-Sayed YY, Perez-Delboy A, Rouse DJ, Saade GR, Boggess KA, Chauhan SP, Iams JD, Chien EK, Casey BM, Gibbs RS, Srinivas SK, Swamy GK, Simhan HN, Macones GA; Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units Network. Labor Induction versus Expectant Management in Low-Risk Nulliparous Women. N Engl J Med. 2018 Aug 9;379(6):513-523. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1800566.

Publications automatically indexed to this study by ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier (NCT Number):

Costantine MM, Sandoval GJ, Grobman WA, Reddy UM, Tita ATN, Silver RM, El-Sayed YY, Wapner RJ, Rouse DJ, Saade GR, Thorp JM Jr, Chauhan SP, Chien EK, Casey BM, Srinivas SK, Swamy GK, Simhan HN; Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units (MFMU) Network. Association of Body Mass Index With the Use of Health Care Resources in Low-Risk Nulliparous Pregnancies After 39 Weeks of Gestation. Obstet Gynecol. 2022 May 1;139(5):866-876. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000004753. Epub 2022 Apr 5.

Silver RM, Rice MM, Grobman WA, Reddy UM, Tita ATN, Mallett G, Hill K, Thom EA, El-Sayed YY, Wapner RJ, Rouse DJ, Saade GR, Thorp JM Jr, Chauhan SP, Chien EK, Casey BM, Gibbs RS, Srinivas SK, Swamy GK, Simhan HN, Macones GA; Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units (MFMU) Network*. Customized Probability of Vaginal Delivery With Induction of Labor and Expectant Management in Nulliparous Women at 39 Weeks of Gestation. Obstet Gynecol. 2020 Oct;136(4):698-705. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000004046.

Mallett G, Hill K, de Voest J, Bousleiman SZ, Allard D, Harris S, Salazar A, Clark K, Ortiz F, Bartholomew A, Dalton W, Craig J, Bickus M; Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units (MFMU) Network. Characteristics Associated With Consent and Reasons for Declining in a Randomized Trial in Pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2020 Oct;136(4):731-737. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000003998.

El-Sayed YY, Rice MM, Grobman WA, Reddy UM, Tita ATN, Silver RM, Mallett G, Hill K, Thom EA, Wapner RJ, Rouse DJ, Saade GR, Thorp JM Jr, Chauhan SP, Chien EK, Casey BM, Gibbs RS, Srinivas SK, Swamy GK, Simhan HN, Macones GA; Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units (MFMU) Network*. Elective Labor Induction at 39 Weeks of Gestation Compared With Expectant Management: Factors Associated With Adverse Outcomes in Low-Risk Nulliparous Women. Obstet Gynecol. 2020 Oct;136(4):692-697. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000004055.

Dude A, Fette LM, Reddy UM, Tita ATN, Silver RM, El-Sayed YY, Wapner RJ, Rouse DJ, Saade GR, Thorp JM Jr, Chauhan SP, Iams JD, Chien EK, Casey BM, Srinivas SK, Swamy GK, Simhan HN; Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units (MFMU) Network. Maternal Sense of Control During Childbirth and Infant Feeding Method. Obstet Gynecol. 2020 Mar;135(3):583-590. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000003697.

• Responsible Party: The George Washington University Biostatistics Center
• ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01990612
• Other Study ID Numbers: HD36801-ARRIVE; UG1HD027869 ( U.S. NIH Grant/Contract ); UG1HD027915 ( U.S. NIH Grant/Contract ); UG1HD034116 ( U.S. NIH Grant/Contract ); UG1HD034208 ( U.S. NIH Grant/Contract ); UG1HD040500 ( U.S. NIH Grant/Contract ); UG1HD040485 ( U.S. NIH Grant/Contract ); UG1HD040544 ( U.S. NIH Grant/Contract ); UG1HD053097 ( U.S. NIH Grant/Contract ); UG1HD040545 ( U.S. NIH Grant/Contract ); UG1HD040560 ( U.S. NIH Grant/Contract ); UG1HD087230 ( U.S. NIH Grant/Contract ); UG1HD087192 ( U.S. NIH Grant/Contract ); UG1HD040512 ( U.S. NIH Grant/Contract ); UG1HD068258 ( U.S. NIH Grant/Contract ); UG1HD068268 ( U.S. NIH Grant/Contract ); U10HD036801 ( U.S. NIH Grant/Contract ); UG1HD068282 ( U.S. NIH Grant/Contract )
• First Posted: November 21, 2013
• Results First Posted: January 25, 2019
• Last Update Posted: February 21, 2019
• Last Verified: February 2019

Individual Participant Data (IPD) Sharing Statement:

• Plan to Share IPD: Yes
• Plan Description: The dataset will be shared per NIH policy after the completion and publication of the main analyses. Requests for datasets can be sent to mfmudatasets@bsc.gwu.edu.

Keywords provided by The George Washington University Biostatistics Center:

Induction of labor; Expectant management of labor; 39 weeks gestation