• Depressive symptoms obtained from Kiddie-Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (K-SADS) [ Time Frame: Measured at baseline; post-treatment; and after 6, 12, 18, and 24 months ] [ Designated as safety issue: Yes ]
  

• Score on Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) [ Time Frame: Measured at baseline; post-treatment; and after 6, 12, 18, and 24 months ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
  

Major depression is one of the most common psychiatric disorders experienced by adolescents. Even adolescents with depressive symptoms below the level of diagnosis are at increased risk of a range of future problems, such as psychiatric disorders, impaired social functioning, and substance abuse.

Depression prevention therapies have had mixed results. Those that are implemented universally have shown little efficacy, although those that specifically target adolescents at risk of depression have shown greater efficacy. A large scale effectiveness trial—one that applies treatments outside of a lab in "real world" settings—of a targeted depression prevention therapy has not been conducted. This study will test the effectiveness of two therapies for preventing depression in adolescents. The first is a brief, group cognitive-behavioral depression prevention program, and the second is bibliotherapy, which involves giving participants a self-help book for depression. Bibliotherapy has shown efficacy in previous research but has not been examined in an effectiveness trial.

Participation in this study will last 24 months. Participants will be randomly assigned to one of three conditions: a six-session, cognitive-behavioral depression prevention group; a bibliotherapy group; and an assessment only group. Participants in the cognitive-behavioral group will meet with a study therapist and other group members to learn strategies for preventing depression. Participants in the bibliotherapy group will be given a self-help book titled "Feeling Good" with information on preventing depression. Participants in the assessment only group will receive a pamphlet on depression symptoms and treatment. All participants will complete assessments at baseline; after the cognitive-behavioral group has been completed; and at 6-, 12-, 18-, and 24-month follow-ups. These assessments will include an interview about depression symptoms and a survey about thoughts, feelings, actions, depression, and substance abuse.