• Subjective Experience of Medication Interview (SEMI) TAD BD, a qualitative instrument modified from the original SEMI [ Time Frame: Measured at a single visit ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
  

• Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D) [ Time Frame: Measured at a single visit ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
  
• Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) [ Time Frame: Measured at a single visit ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
  
• Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) [ Time Frame: Measured at a single visit ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
  
• Clinical Global Impression for Bipolar Disorder (CGI-BP) [ Time Frame: Measured at a single visit ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
  

Disruptive manic and depressive episodes prevent bipolar disorder (BPD) sufferers from living healthy, functional lives. Relapse rates for BPD are high, between 70% and 90%, with approximately half of those relapses occurring in the first 2 years after remission. High rates of relapse and no substantial improvements in illness outcomes for many patients despite advances in drug treatment may be related to a common problem: medication non-adherence. Nine in ten individuals with BPD has seriously considered medication withdrawal, and one third of individuals with BDP do not take 30% or more of their prescribed medications. The researchers in this study will identify BPD patients who do not take their medications as prescribed and conduct interviews with them. By obtaining an understanding of subjective reasons for medication non-adherence, this study will pave the way for better interventions to ensure BDP patients take the medications that will help them.

Participation in this study will consist of a single visit, lasting between one and a half and three hours. All participants will have a history of medication non-adherence. Participants will be asked to fill out questionnaires and undergo a structured interview with a researcher. The interview will be audio recorded. The questionnaires and interview will assess BPD symptoms, attitudes toward medications, and to what extent patients are taking their medications. Researchers will also measure the number of pills used in participants' prescriptions by counting how many pills are left in each prescription bottle.

Twenty adults (10 men and 10 women) receiving standard outpatient mental health treatment at a Community Mental Health Clinic (CMHC), Connections.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Clinical diagnosis of bipolar disorder (BPD) Type I or Type II, as determined by a standardized diagnostic interview, the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI)
• Demonstrated history of poor medication adherence, as determined by self-report or clinician report. In this study, self-reported treatment non-adherence will be identified with Tablet Routines Questionnaire (TRQ). Poorly adherent individuals will be defined as those who miss 30% or more of medication within either the past week or past month (those missing 30% or more within past week will be considered to be non-adherent over the past month). Clinician-assessed non-adherence will be identified via a clinician version of the TRQ to identify non-adherence of 30% or more over the past 30 days.
• BPD for at least 2 years' duration
• Treatment with medication to stabilize mood for at least 6 months
• A Clinical Global Impression (CGI-BP) overall bipolar illness score of 4 or higher

Exclusion Criteria:

• Unable or unwilling to participate in psychiatric interviews, as based on the clinical opinion of the investigator or the treating clinician
• High risk for suicide, as seen in factors such as active suicidal ideation, recent suicide attempt, or current suicidal intent or plan
• Inability to speak English
• Receiving treatment involuntarily