• Treatment completion in jail [ Time Frame: Until release from jail ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
  
• Reporting to assigned treatment modality after release [ Time Frame: Within 3 months after release from jail ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
  

• Intention to continue treatment after release [ Time Frame: At release from jail ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
  
• Re-incarceration [ Time Frame: Within 3 months after release ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
  
• Frequency of illicit opioid use after release [ Time Frame: Within 3 months after release ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
  
• Re-arrest [ Time Frame: Within 3 months after release ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
  
• Severity of re-arrest charges [ Time Frame: Within 3 months after release, if re-arrested ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
  
• Satisfaction with opioid replacement treatment. [ Time Frame: During jail and 3 months post-release ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
  
• Opioid withdrawal symptoms and cravings [ Time Frame: During jail and post-release ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
  

Background: Heroin and other opioid abuse continues as a significant problem among the criminal justice population. In 2002, the criminal justice system was the source of referral for 36% of all substance abuse treatment admissions, the largest source of referrals. Heroin use among offenders has serious health and social consequences. Injection, still the primary route of administration among heroin users, is strongly associated with the transmission of HIV, hepatitis C and other blood-borne diseases. During 1997, 20% to 26% of all people living with HIV in the United States, and 29% to 43% of all those infected with hepatitis C, passed through a correctional facility. The relationship between heroin use and criminal activity has been extensively documented. Although methadone maintenance has been the primary treatment for chronic opioid dependence since the 1970's, correctional systems in the U.S., with very few exceptions (primarily Rikers Island in New York City), have not provided institutional access to methadone maintenance. Regrettably, negative attitudes to methadone are prevalent among criminal justice professionals, the public, treatment providers and opioid-dependent offenders themselves; there is little prospect of that changing soon. Buprenorphine maintenance is a recently approved therapy that may be more acceptable than methadone to the criminal justice system and opioid-dependent offenders. With one minor exception, buprenorphine has never been systematically administered as an opioid replacement therapy in a correctional setting in the U.S.

Aims and Objectives:

1. To determine the feasibility of providing buprenorphine maintenance to opioid-dependent offenders in a jail setting and of transitioning those patients to buprenorphine maintenance in the community after their release.
2. To conduct a randomized clinical trial of buprenorphine maintenance (N=50) vs. methadone maintenance (N=50) initiated in the jail setting and continuing in the community.
3. To determine the reasons that offenders fail to report for community buprenorphine or methadone treatment after release or drop out of community treatment.

Study Design: Consenting eligible inmates at Rikers Island in New York City will be randomly assigned to buprenorphine or methadone maintenance in jail and will be referred to a corresponding community treatment upon their release. Subjects will be followed-up at 3 months after release from jail.

Target Population: Opioid-dependent jail inmates sentenced to 10- 90 days.