Calorie Anticipation and Food Intake

• appetite ratings [ Time Frame: 80 min (5 samples - every 20 min) ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
• Serum cortisol concentrations [ Time Frame: 60 min (4 samples - every 20 min) ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]

The regulation of our food intake is on the short-term guided by appetite and satiety signals generated by the sight and consumption of food. Food intake is not only regulated by appetite and satiety signals - external cues also play an important role.

It has been observed that food intake and the pleasure derived from consumption is affected by manipulation of the external cues.

The investigators will assess the contribution of food anticipation (calorie information) and actual consumption of a test food (calorie intake) on in satiety responses (such as ghrelin responses, appetite and subsequent food intake). The investigators expect the information on the amount of calories, rather than the actual amount of calories in the food, to predict the ghrelin responses and the subsequent intake of a second meal.

In a randomized cross-over design with 4 conditions, all participants will consume twice the low-caloric food (once with the low-calorie information and once with the high-calorie information) and twice the high-caloric food (again, once with the low-calorie information and once with the high-calorie information) in a randomized order.

• Eating Behaviour
• Obesity

• Behavioral: low calorie yogurt
  all participants consumed twice the low-caloric food (once with the low-calorie information and once with the high-calorie information)
• Behavioral: high calorie yogurt
  all participants consumed twice the high-caloric food (once with the low-calorie information and once with the high-calorie information)

• Experimental: Calorie information

  Low calorie yogurt

  High calorie yogurt

  with low calorie information sheet

  Interventions:

  • Behavioral: low calorie yogurt
  • Behavioral: high calorie yogurt
• Experimental: Calorie information (high)

  Low calorie yogurt

  High calorie yogurt

  High calorie information sheet

  Interventions:

  • Behavioral: low calorie yogurt
  • Behavioral: high calorie yogurt

Inclusion Criteria:

• female
• healthy
• being used to eat breakfast regularly (≥ 5 times a week).

Exclusion Criteria:

• hypersensitivity for the ingredients of the foods under study;
• lack of appetite; following an energy-restricted diet or change in body weight > 5 kg; or
• being a vegan or vegetarian. Participants reported not using products that are artificially sweetened, nor sugar in coffee and/or tea.