A Reduced Carbohydrate Diet Intervention for Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) affects 5-10% of women of reproductive age, and is associated with infertility, risk for obesity and type 2 diabetes, and impaired quality of life. The elevated insulin characteristic of PCOS is likely to play a major role in its symptoms. Manipulation of dietary carbohydrate quantity and quality (glycemic load; GL) may lower insulin and improve both reproductive and metabolic outcomes. The purpose of this study is to determine if a lower GL diet intervention is more effective than a standard (STD) diet in improving reproductive and metabolic outcomes of women with PCOS in the absence of weight loss.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a heterogeneous syndrome affecting 5-10% of women of reproductive age. It is characterized by elevated circulating insulin, reduced insulin sensitivity, infertility, hyperandrogenism, and a multitude of symptoms that result in a decreased quality of life. The elevated insulin characteristic of PCOS is likely to play a major role in its pathogenesis by reducing insulin sensitivity and stimulating testosterone (T) production and increasing its free fraction. Although many women with PCOS are overweight/obese (10-50%), those who are non-obese suffer from the same symptoms as their obese counterparts. Thus, it is likely that the metabolic disturbances associated with PCOS predispose to weight gain, which in turn exacerbates PCOS by worsening insulin resistance. Manipulation of dietary carbohydrate quantity and quality (glycemic load; GL) may lower insulin and improve both reproductive and metabolic outcomes. No study has tested the efficacy of a lower GL diet among non-obese women with PCOS.

The Specific Aim of this proposal is to determine if a lower GL diet intervention is more effective than a standard (STD) diet in improving reproductive and metabolic outcomes of women with PCOS (both normal-weight and overweight/obese). We hypothesize that, in the absence of weight change, the lower GL diet will be more effective than the STD diet in decreasing insulin secretion, increasing insulin sensitivity, decreasing free T, decreasing fat from metabolically harmful sites, decreasing inflammation, and improving menstrual cyclicity and ovulation. Further, the lower GL diet will increase perceived fullness and decrease hunger, effects mediated via gut hormones.

Development of a diet that optimizes reproductive and metabolic health among women with PCOS will reduce reliance on pharmacologic treatments and improve quality of life, even in the absence of weight loss. This project is novel in being the first to conduct a highly controlled nutrition intervention in non-obese women with PCOS under weight stable conditions, utilizing robust measures of insulin secretion and action, fat distribution, inflammation, hunger/fullness, the gut hormone profile, and reproductive function. The results from this study can be used as a starting point from which to explore optimal diets for overweight women with PCOS.

• Dietary Supplement: Reduced Glycemic Load Diet

  36-40% fat; 40-42% carbohydrate; 18-22% protein

  Glycemic Load <=46 per 1000 calories

• Dietary Supplement: Standard Diet

  25-27% fat; 55-57% carbohydrate; 18-22% protein

  Glycemic Load >=77 per 1000 calories

• Reduced Glycemic Load Diet

  36-40% fat; 40-42% carbohydrate; 18-22% protein

  Glycemic Load <=46 per 1000 calories

  Intervention: Dietary Supplement: Reduced Glycemic Load Diet
• Standard Diet

  25-27% fat; 55-57% carbohydrate; 18-22% protein

  Glycemic Load >=77 per 1000 calories

  Intervention: Dietary Supplement: Standard Diet

Inclusion Criteria:

• Diagnosed with PCOS
• Body mass index 18.5-35 kg/m2

Exclusion Criteria:

• Cushing's syndrome
• Type 1 or 2 diabetes
• Self-reported claustrophobia
• Androgenic tumors or adrenal hyperplasia
• Hyperprolactinemia
• Implanted metal items
• Use of metformin or other diabetes drug
• Women using oral contraceptives will not be excluded, but will be required to discontinue use of these agents 3 months prior to testing.