Effect of Music on Patients in Intensive Care Units (MTS2)

• Pain level [ Time Frame: 4 data points throughout 1-hour intervention ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
• Anxiety level [ Time Frame: 4 data points throughout 1-hour intervention ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
• Comfort level [ Time Frame: 4 data points throughout 1-hour intervention ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
• Heart rate [ Time Frame: 4 data points throughout 1-hour intervention ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
• Respiration rate [ Time Frame: 4 data points throughout 1-hour intervention ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
• Blood pressure [ Time Frame: 4 data points throughout 1-hour intervention ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
• Saliva/Serum Cortisol level [ Time Frame: 3 data points throughout 1-hour intervention ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
• Saliva/Serum Immunoglobulin A Concentration [ Time Frame: 3 data points throughout 1-hour intervention ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of patient-preferred music, relaxation music, and standard care environment on patients in intensive care units.

This study is a prospective randomized clinical trial. The purpose of this 4-stage study is to explore the effects of patient-preferred music, relaxation music, and standard care environment on patients in intensive care units.

Stage 1: Recommendation of relaxation music by music therapists who serves as expert panel

Stage 2: Analysis of recommended relaxation music by music therapists

Stage 3: Content validation of relaxation music by healthy adults

Stage 4: Comparison of patients' physiological, psychological, and biological responses to patient-preferred music, relaxation music, and standard care environment

• Other: Patient-preferred music
  Music of patients' preference
• Other: Relaxation Music
  Relaxation music compiled from results of first three stages of study
• Other: Standard Care Environment
  Control, no interventions

• Experimental: 1
  Patient-preferred music
  Intervention: Other: Patient-preferred music
• Experimental: 2
  Relaxation Music
  Intervention: Other: Relaxation Music
• No Intervention: 3
  Standard Care Environment
  Intervention: Other: Standard Care Environment

Inclusion Criteria:

Communicative (non-intubated, non-sedated)

• At least three days of admission (excluding day of admission)
• 18 years or older
• Mean arterial blood pressure equal or greater than 65 throughout study
• Mean SpO2 equal or greater than 90 throughout study
• Glasgow coma scale equal or greater than 14
• Bilirubin level less than 5
• Ammonia level less than 1
• Hematocrit level greater than 15
• BUN equal or less than 100

Non-communicative (intubated, sedated)

• At least three days of admission (excluding day of admission)
• 18 years or older
• Mean arterial blood pressure equal or greater than 65 throughout study
• Mean SpO2 equal or greater than 90 throughout study
• Glasgow coma scale equal or greater than 10
• Bilirubin level less than 5
• Ammonia level less than 1
• Hematocrit level greater than 15
• BUN equal or less than 100

Exclusion Criteria:

Communicative (non-intubated, non-sedated)

• Patients admitted for or less than 3 days
• Patients with hearing impairments
• Patients with neurological impairments that might impair their ability to process information
• Patients on glucocorticoid medications
• Patients with mental health diagnoses and currently experiencing active psychosis such as hallucinations and/or delusions
• Patient's condition altered dramatically over the 3 days of research

Non-communicative (intubated, sedated)

• Patients admitted for or less than 3 days
• Patients with hearing impairments
• Patients with neurological impairments that might impair their ability to process information
• Patients on glucocorticoid medications
• Patients with mental health diagnoses and currently experiencing active psychosis such as hallucinations and/or delusions
• Patient's condition altered dramatically over the 3 days of research

• The Cleveland Music School Settlement
• Kulas Foundation
• Arthur Flagler Fultz Research Award (American Music Therapy Association)