Cardiovascular Effects of Sporting Events

• Evidence of definite myocardial ischemia confirmed by Holter monitoring [ Time Frame: 2 months ] [ Designated as safety issue: Yes ]
• Blood pressure measured by ambulatory blood pressure monitoring [ Time Frame: 2 months ] [ Designated as safety issue: Yes ]
• Heart rate variability [ Time Frame: 2 months ] [ Designated as safety issue: Yes ]

• Episode of angina [ Time Frame: 3 months ] [ Designated as safety issue: Yes ]
• Episode of neurological events [ Time Frame: 3 months ] [ Designated as safety issue: Yes ]
• Episode of arrhythmia [ Time Frame: 3 months ] [ Designated as safety issue: Yes ]

Major sporting events may have adverse cardiovascular effects in subjects with coronary heart disease. We also hypothesized that the adverse cardiovascular effects of sporting events are a result of psychobiological processes including stress-induced hemodynamic changes, autonomic dysfunction and parasympathetic withdrawal, and inflammatory and prothrombotic responses, all of which may in turn promote myocardial ischemia.

Observational studies suggest that exposure to sporting events may worsen symptoms of angina and trigger acute myocardial infarction. The mechanisms for this association are unknown. To date, there have been no controlled exposures in patients with coronary heart disease: an important population who may be particularly susceptible to the adverse cardiovascular effects of sporting events.

In a randomized crossover controlled study, 38 patients with prior myocardial infarction will be exposed to sporting events or not. Myocardial ischemia will be quantified by ST-segment analysis using continuous 12-lead electrocardiography, and blood pressure change will be analyzed using ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. Autonomic function will be assessed by heart rate variability. Ischemic, inflammatory and prothrombotic markers will also be measured.

• Behavioral: Exposure to sporting events
  Exposure to sporting events
• Behavioral: No exposure to sporting events
  No exposure to sporting events

• Sham Comparator: 1
  No exposure to sporting events
  Intervention: Behavioral: No exposure to sporting events
• Experimental: 2
  Exposure to sporting events
  Intervention: Behavioral: Exposure to sporting events

Inclusion Criteria:

• Previous myocardial infarction (>6 months previously)treated by coronary revascularization
• On standard secondary preventative therapy

Exclusion Criteria:

• Angina pectoris (Canadian Cardiovascular Society grade ≥2)
• History of arrhythmia
• Uncontrolled hypertension
• Unstable coronary disease (acute coronary syndrome or unstable symptoms within 3 months)
• Occupational exposure to sporting events
• Diabetes
• Hepatic or renal failure