Drug Interaction Study of Lopinavir/Ritonavir and Gemfibrozil (GEM-PK)

This study will determine whether the protease inhibitor lopinavir/ ritonavir (Kaletra (Trademark)), which is used to treat HIV disease, lowers blood levels of the lipid-regulating drug gemfibrozil (Lopid (Trademark)) in HIV-negative healthy volunteers. Many patients with HIV infection who take protease inhibitors have abnormally high lipids (cholesterol and triglycerides). Gemfibrozil, commonly used to treat high triglycerides, often is not effective in HIV-infected patients taking protease inhibitors, possibly because of an interaction between the two medicines that causes a lowering of gemfibrozil's levels in the blood. Results from this study will give researchers information on whether lopinavir/ ritonavir affects the blood levels of gemfibrozil.

Healthy, normal volunteers between 18 and 65 years old who test negative for HIV may be eligible for this study.

On study day 1, subjects have a blood sample drawn from a catheter inserted into a vein in the arm to determine pre-dosing blood levels of gemfibrozil. They then take a gemfibrozil tablet and are given breakfast 30 minutes after taking the drug. Blood samples are obtained through the catheter at 0, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, and 24 hours after dosing to determine gemfibrozil levels at those intervals. At the end of 12 hours, the catheter is removed and the subject is discharged from the clinic. The next morning subjects return to the clinic for another blood sample, collected through a vein in the arm.

Subjects begin taking lopinavir/ ritonavir between 7 and 35 days after their first dose, depending on their schedule and the clinic schedule. On the fourteenth day of dosing subjects come to the clinic and are given a single dose of gemfibrozil, as on study day 1, and have breakfast 30 minutes later. Blood samples are collected to determine gemfibrozil levels just like on study days 1 and 2. An additional sample is collected for routine lab tests.

Hyperlipidemia continues to be a common problem in individuals with HIV, particularly those receiving HIV protease inhibitors (PIs) or the nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, stavudine. PI-treated patients have been noted to have increases in low-density lipoprotein (LDL), triglycerides (TG), and total cholesterol compared to PI-treatment naive individuals. The prevalence of lipid abnormalities in patients receiving PI-containing therapy has been estimated at 27-57 percent; moreover, cardiovascular complications have begun to be revealed. Triglyceride elevations, in particular, are not only an independent risk factor for the development of coronary artery disease, but may also lead to pancreatitis. Despite treatment with fibric acid derivatives, such as gemfibrozil, TGs typically remain elevated above the upper limit of normal in HIV-infected subjects. One possible reason for persistently elevated TGs in these patients is reduced efficacy of their fibric acid therapy, which may result from an unrecognized drug-drug interaction. Fibric acid derivatives are metabolized in the liver via uridine 5'-diphosphate-glucuronosyl transferase enzymes (UGT), which are induced by the HIV PI ritonavir. Indeed, ritonavir significantly lowers plasma concentrations of other drugs metabolized by this enzymatic system by 40-50 percent. As UGT activity is induced, the metabolism of UGT substrates (gemfibrozil) will increase, resulting in a decrease in their plasma concentrations. Preliminary data in non-HIV-infected subjects suggest that reduced plasma concentrations of gemfibrozil are likely to result in reduced efficacy of the drug. Despite the fact that many HIV-infected patients with hypertriglyceridemia are likely to be receiving triglyceride-lowering therapy with a fibric acid derivative while simultaneously receiving antiretroviral therapy that includes ritonavir (i.e. lopinavir + ritonavir [LPV/r]), these two drugs have not been studied in combination to determine whether or not they interact. The objective of this study is to characterize the impact of LPV/r on the pharmacokinetic (PK) profile of gemfibrozil, after a single 600 mg oral dose, administered to healthy volunteers. In a longitudinal study design, fifteen subjects will receive a single, 600 mg dose of gemfibrozil before and after 13 days of LPV/r 400/100 mg twice daily. Gemfibrozil pharmacokinetics will be determined on days one and 14 and compared using the student t-test. Results from this study will provide (or refute) the rationale for further studies designed to assess the possibility of dose-adjusting gemfibrozil when it is given in combination with ritonavir in order to maximize the pharmacologic effects of gemfibrozil.

• Drug: Lopinavir/Ritonavir
  lopinavir 400 mg + ritonavir 100 mg twice daily for 2 weeks
  Other Name: lopinavir/ritonavir = Kaletra(TM)
• Drug: Gemfibrozil
  Control arm (no intervention used in this arm)
  Other Name: gemfibrozil (Teva Pharmaceuticals)

• No Intervention: Gemfibrozil PK without LPV/r
  Subjects received a single 600 mg dose of gemfibrozil without concurrent lopinavir-ritonavir 400mg/100mg; this is the "control" arm of a crossover study design.
  Intervention: Drug: Gemfibrozil
• Experimental: Gemfibrozil PK after 2 weeks of LPV/r
  Single dose (600 mg) Gemfibrozil pharmacokinetics (i.e. plasma concentrations collected over time to calculate area under the concentration vs. time curve) assessed after 14.5 days of lopinavir/ritonavir (400/100 mg twice daily) administration.
  Intervention: Drug: Lopinavir/Ritonavir

INCLUSION CRITERIA:

• Age of 18 to 65 years.
• Healthy by medical history and physical exam.
• Test HIV negative.
• Screening laboratory values within institutional normal range.
• Negative serum pregnancy test for females of child-bearing potential within 7 days prior to the initiation of LPV/r.
• Willingness and ability of females of child-bearing potential to practice abstinence or use effective non-hormonal methods of birth control (i.e. condom, diaphragm, IUD, spermicide, etc.) during the study.
• Non-smoker for at least 6 weeks prior to study participation. Subjects who are not currently smoking must refrain from smoking during the entire study period.

EXCLUSION CRITERIA:

• Concomitant routine therapy with any prescription, over-the-counter, herbal, or holistic medications, including oral contraceptives for 30 days prior to study participation.
• Subjects taking oral contraceptives currently, or within 30 days prior to study initiation.
• Intermittent (PRN) use of acetaminophen, non-steroidal antiinflammatory medications (i.e. ibuprofen), and loperamide will be allowed during the study.
• Subjects will be allowed to take a multivitamin with minerals, or equivalent, once daily if they desire to do so.
• Inability to obtain venous access for sample collection.
• Known presence of diabetes mellitus, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, active tuberculosis, cardiac disease (hypertension; congestive heart failure etc.), renal disease (chronic or acute renal failure or insufficiency), thyroid disease, hepatitis, respiratory disease (uncontrolled asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), myasthenia gravis, glaucoma, or uncontrolled peptic ulcer disease. Any other condition that may interfere with the interpretation of the study results or that may not be in the best interest of the subject in the opinion of the investigator.
• Positive pregnancy test or breastfeeding female.
• The presence of persistent diarrhea or malabsorption that would interfere with the subject's ability to absorb drugs.
• Drug or alcohol use that may impair safety or adherence.
• History of intolerance or allergic reaction (rash; hives; swollen lips; difficulty breathing) to fibric acid derivatives (e.g. gemfibrozil, fenofibrate, bezafibrate, etc.) or protease inhibitors (ritonavir, lopinavir; indinavir, nelfinavir, saquinavir, atazanavir, fosamprenavir, darunavir, tipranavir).
• Inability or unwillingness of females of child-bearing potential to use a non-hormonal (barrier) method of contraception throughout the study (e.g. condom; diaphragm, etc.).
• Non-fasting total cholesterol or triglycerides greater than or equal to 270 mg/dL.
• Participation in another study during the entire study period.