Immediate vs. Deferred Empirical Antifungal Treatment With Voriconazole In Neutropenic Patients (IDEA)

• Number of Participants With Defervescence Day 5 (4 Days After Initiation of Study Treatment) [ Time Frame: Day 5 (96 hours through 120 hours after start of study treatment) ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
  Number of participants who achieved defervescence (were afebrile). Defervescence stated if all of a participants's body temperatures within 24 hours of evaluation time were <38.0 degrees C. Defervescence was not stated and participant was discontinued from the study if participant received antipyretics (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or paracetamol).
• Number of Participants With Defervescence Day 9 (8 Days After Initiation of Study Treatment) [ Time Frame: Day 9 (192 hours through 216 hours after start of study treatment) ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
  Number of participants who achieved defervescence (were afebrile). Defervescence stated if all of a participant's body temperatures within 24 hours of evaluation time were <38.0 degrees C. Defervescence was not stated and participant was discontinued from the study if participant received antipyretics (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or paracetamol).
• Time to Continuous Defervescence [ Time Frame: Day 2 through Day 28 ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
  Time (in days) from start of study medication to continuous defervescence. Continuous defervescence stated if participant maintains a body temperature of <38.0 degrees C for at least 96 hours.
• Number of Participants Per Reason for Lack of Defervescence [ Time Frame: Day 2 through Day 28 ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
• Number of Participants That Died on or Before Day 28 (Mortality) [ Time Frame: Day 2 through Day 28 ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
  Number of participants that died on or before Day 28 after start of study treatment. A participant must be evaluable until Day 28 (final visit) or have died before the final visit.
• Time to Negative Panfungal Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) [ Time Frame: Day 2 through Day 28 ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
  Time (in days) from start of study medication to negative panfungal PCR; assessed for participants whose most recent panfungal PCR result prior to start of study medication was positive. Defined as negative if at least 2 successive and all following panfungal PCR assessments from start of study medication until 24 hours after end of treatment are negative. Measured as first quartile of time (point in time measurement; no median or measure of dispersion calculated); median time was not estimable for deferred voriconazole treatment group.
• Course of Positive Panfungal PCR Assessments to Explanatory Variables: Association of Positive PCR Assessments With Achievement of Continuous Defervescence (Yes) [ Time Frame: Day 2 through Day 28 ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
  Percent of positive panfungal PCR assessments during treatment phase of study in association with achievement of continuous defervescence (response=Yes). Continuous defervescence stated if participant maintains a body temperature of <38.0 degrees C for at least 96 hours. Percent calculated as number of positive PCR assessments divided by number of all PCR assessments in treatment phase multiplied by 100.
• Course of Positive Panfungal PCR Assessments to Explanatory Variables: Association of Positive PCR Assessments With Achievement of Continuous Defervescence (No) [ Time Frame: Day 2 through Day 28 ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
  Percent of positive panfungal PCR assessments during treatment phase of study in association with achievement of continuous defervescence (response=No). Continuous defervescence stated if participant maintains a body temperature of <38.0 degrees C for at least 96 hours. Percent calculated as number of positive PCR assessments divided by number of all PCR assessments in treatment phase multiplied by 100.
• Course of Positive Panfungal PCR Assessments to Explanatory Variables: Association With Age [ Time Frame: Day 2 through Day 28 ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
  Percent of positive panfungal PCR assessments during treatment phase of study in association with age for participants who completed the study and have a non-missing value for percent of positive panfungal PCR.
• Course of Positive Panfungal PCR Assessments to Explanatory Variables: Association With Gender [ Time Frame: Day 2 through Day 28 ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
  Percent of positive panfungal PCR assessments during treatment phase of study in association with gender (Female or Male). Percent calculated as number of positive PCR assessments divided by number of all PCR assessments in treatment phase multiplied by 100.
• Course of Positive Panfungal PCR Assessments to Explanatory Variables: Association With Primary Underlying Neoplastic Disease [ Time Frame: Day 2 through Day 28 ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
  Percent of positive panfungal PCR assessments during treatment phase of study in association with primary underlying neoplastic disease. Percent calculated as number of positive PCR assessments divided by number of all PCR assessments in treatment phase multiplied by 100.
• Course of Positive Panfungal PCR Assessments to Explanatory Variables: Association With Planned Allogeneic Transplants [ Time Frame: Day 2 through Day 28 ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
  Percent of positive panfungal PCR assessments during treatment phase of study in association with allogeneic bone marrow transplant or allogeneic peripheral stem cell transplant (Yes or No). Percent calculated as number of positive PCR assessments divided by number of all PCR assessments in treatment phase multiplied by 100.
• Course of Positive Panfungal PCR Assessments to Explanatory Variables: Association With Concomitant Fluconazole [ Time Frame: Day 2 through Day 28 ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
  Percent positive panfungal PCR assessments during treatment phase of study in association with use of concomitant (prophylaxis) fluconazole (Yes or No). Percent calculated as number of positive PCR assessments divided by number of all PCR assessments in treatment phase multiplied by 100.
• Course of Positive Panfungal PCR Assessments to Explanatory Variables: Association With Neutrophil Count >500 uL [ Time Frame: Day 2 through Day 28 ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
  Percent of positive panfungal PCR assessments during treatment phase of study in association with neutrophil count >500 uL (Yes or No). Percent calculated as number of positive PCR assessments divided by number of all PCR assessments in treatment phase multiplied by 100.
• Course of Positive Panfungal PCR Assessments to Explanatory Variables: Association With C-reactive Protein Level >1.25 Times the Upper Limit of Normal (x ULN) [ Time Frame: Day 2 through Day 28 ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
  Percent of positive panfungal PCR assessments during treatment phase of study in association with c-reactive protein level (measured in milligrams per liter [mg/L]) >1.25 x ULN (Yes or No). Percent calculated as number of positive PCR assessments divided by number of all PCR assessments in treatment phase multiplied by 100.
• Course of Positive Panfungal PCR Assessments to Explanatory Variables: Association With Fungal Species Identified [ Time Frame: Day 2 through Day 28 ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
  Percent of positive panfungal PCR assessments during treatment phase of study in association with fungal species (singular [one species]=sp; plural [many species]=spp) identified (Yes or No). Percent calculated as number of positive PCR assessments divided by number of all PCR assessments in treatment phase multiplied by 100.
• Course of Positive Panfungal PCR Assessments to Explanatory Variables: Association With Fungal Species Identified (Aspergillus Spp=Yes) [ Time Frame: Day 2 through Day 28 ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
  Percent of positive panfungal PCR assessments during treatment phase of study in association with fungal species (singular [one species]=sp; plural [many species]=spp) identified (Yes). Percent calculated as number of positive PCR assessments divided by number of all PCR assessments in treatment phase multiplied by 100.
• Course of Positive Panfungal PCR Assessments to Explanatory Variables: Association With Proven or Probable IFI (Complete Cases) Between Day 2 and Day 28 [ Time Frame: Day 2 through Day 28 ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
  Percent of positive panfungal PCR assessments during treatment phase of study in association with proven or probable IFI (complete cases) between Day 2 and Day 28 (Yes or No). Complete case analysis: participant must be evaluable until Day 28 (final visit) or have developed a proven or probable IFI by the final visit. Participant considered evaluable until Day 28 if participant completed the study and completed an assessment of IFI at Day 28 or final visit. Percent calculated as number of positive PCR assessments divided by number of all PCR assessments in treatment phase multiplied by 100.
• Course of Positive Panfungal PCR Assessments to Explanatory Variables: Association With Defervescence Day 5 (4 Days After Initiation of Study Treatment) [ Time Frame: Day 5 (96 hours through 120 hours after start of study treatment) ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
  Percent of positive panfungal PCR assessments during treatment phase of study in association with defervescence (were afebrile) Day 5 (Yes or No). Percent calculated as number of positive PCR assessments divided by number of all PCR assessments in treatment phase multiplied by 100.
• Course of Positive Panfungal PCR Assessments to Explanatory Variables: Association With Defervescence (Yes) by Day 9 (8 Days After Initiation of Study Treatment) [ Time Frame: Day 2 through Day 9 (192 hours through 216 hours after start of study treatment) ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
  Percent of positive panfungal PCR assessments during treatment phase of study in association with defervescence (were afebrile) Day 9 (Yes). Percent calculated as number of positive PCR assessments divided by number of all PCR assessments in treatment phase multiplied by 100.
• Course of Positive Panfungal PCR Assessments to Explanatory Variables: Association With Defervescence (No) by Day 9 (8 Days After Initiation of Study Treatment) [ Time Frame: Day 2 through Day 9 (192 hours through 216 hours after start of study treatment) ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
  Percent of positive panfungal PCR assessments during treatment phase of study in association with defervescence (were afebrile) Day 9 (No). Percent calculated as number of positive PCR assessments divided by number of all PCR assessments in treatment phase multiplied by 100.
• Course of Positive Panfungal PCR Assessments to Explanatory Variables: Association With Time to Defervescence [ Time Frame: Day 2 through Day 28 ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
  Percent of positive panfungal PCR assessments during treatment phase of study in association with time to defervescence. Percent calculated as number of positive PCR assessments divided by number of all PCR assessments in treatment phase multiplied by 100.
• Course of Positive Panfungal PCR Assessments to Explanatory Variables: Association With Reasons for Lack of Continuous Defervescence (No) [ Time Frame: Day 2 through Day 28 ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
  Percent of positive panfungal PCR assessments during treatment phase of study in association with lack of continuous defervescence (No). Percent calculated as number of positive PCR assessments divided by number of all PCR assessments in treatment phase multiplied by 100.
• Course of Positive Panfungal PCR Assessments to Explanatory Variables: Association With Reasons for Lack of Continuous Defervescence: Unknown Infection (Yes) [ Time Frame: Day 2 through Day 28 ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
  Percent of positive panfungal PCR assessments during treatment phase of study in association with lack of continuous defervescence (Yes). Percent calculated as number of positive PCR assessments divided by number of all PCR assessments in treatment phase multiplied by 100.
• Course of Positive Panfungal PCR Assessments to Explanatory Variables: Association With Mortality by Day 28 (Alive) [ Time Frame: Day 2 through Day 28 ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
  Percent of positive panfungal PCR assessments during treatment phase of study in association with mortality on or before Day 28 after start of study treatment (Alive). A participant must be evaluable until Day 28 (final visit).
• Course of Positive Panfungal PCR Assessments to Explanatory Variables: Association With Mortality by Day 28 (Died) [ Time Frame: Day 2 through Day 28 ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
  Percent of positive panfungal PCR assessments during treatment phase of study in association with mortality on or before Day 28 after start of study treatment (Died). A participant must have died before Day 28 (final visit).
• Number of Participants Assessed as Needing Further Antineoplastic Therapy as Planned [ Time Frame: Day 28 ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
• Number of Participants With Reasons Why Antineoplastic Therapy Not Continued as Planned [ Time Frame: Day 28 ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]

A well-known side-effect of cytostatics (drugs against malignancies) is a decrease in the number of white blood cells, especially of the so-called neutrophil granulocytes, which are very important for the defense against infections. Hence their decrease (called "neutropenia") leads to a predisposition to infections.

Since infections during neutropenia can be very dangerous, the patients are treated with antibiotics from the very first signs of such an infection (usually fever). If the antibiotics (drugs against bacteria) do not lead to a normalization of the body temperature within four days, a drug against fungi is added.

In the IDEA study, one half of the patients receive the antifungal drug voriconazole (as usual) only in case the antibiotics alone do not lead to a normalization of the body temperature (current standard of care). The other half of the patients receive voriconazole immediately after onset of fever (concomitantly with the antibiotics).

The research question is, whether in the "early-treatment" group fewer manifest fungal infections will be observed than in the "late-treatment" group.

• Drug: voriconazole (Vfend)
  voriconazole, early treatment
  Other Name: voriconazole (Vfend)
• Drug: voriconazole (Vfend)
  voriconazole, deferred treatment
  Other Name: voriconazole (Vfend)

• Experimental: Early treatment
  Voriconazole starts within 18 hours of onset of fever intravenously with a loading dose of 6 mg/kg q12h for the first two doses followed by 4 mg/kg q12h (maintenance dose). Switched to oral treatment (200 mg BID) is possible after at least four days. Treatment will be ended if the patient is afebrile (< 38.0 °C) for 7 days with neutrophil counts < 500/µL, or if the patient is afebrile (< 38.0 °C) for 2 days with neutrophil counts > 500/µL.
  Intervention: Drug: voriconazole (Vfend)
• Deferred treatment
  Treatment with voriconazole (for dosage see "early treatment arm") is initiated only if a patient is persistently febrile on day 5 after the onset of fever despite antibiotic treatment.
  Intervention: Drug: voriconazole (Vfend)

Inclusion Criteria:

• Acute leukemia, aggressive lymphoma, bone marrow or stem cell transplantation;
• Neutropenia (<500 neutrophils/µL) of at least 10 days;
• Newly diagnosed fever;
• Positive panfungal polymerase chain reaction assay

Exclusion Criteria:

• Documented bacterial infection during screening or at randomization
• Fungemia or other documented invasive fungal infection during screening or at randomization.