Childhood Absence Epilepsy Rx PK-PD-Pharmacogenetics Study

• Omission errors and the overall Confidence Index(CIOI)of the CPT-II and the K-CPT--for attention. [ Time Frame: evaluated during study period, 2 weeks to 5 years ] [ Designated as safety issue: Yes ]
• CBCL--for behavior. [ Time Frame: evaluated during study period, 2 weeks to 5 years ] [ Designated as safety issue: Yes ]
• QOLCE--for quality of life. [ Time Frame: evaluated during study period, 2 weeks to 5 years ] [ Designated as safety issue: Yes ]
• Freedom from seizures. [ Time Frame: evaluated during study period, 2 weeks to 5 years ] [ Designated as safety issue: Yes ]
• Having a treatment-limiting adverse event. [ Time Frame: evaluated during study period, 2 weeks to 5 years ] [ Designated as safety issue: Yes ]
• Drug exposure levels and metabolite levels. [ Time Frame: evaluated during study period, 2 weeks to 5 years ] [ Designated as safety issue: Yes ]

The purpose of this study is to determine the best initial treatment for childhood absence epilepsy.

Childhood absence epilepsy (CAE) is a common pediatric epilepsy syndrome that affects 10 to 15 percent of all children with epilepsy. Individuals with CAE have brief staring spell seizures that occur suddenly, unpredictably, and frequently throughout the day. These seizures impair the children's ability to learn and play, and lead to higher injury rates.

There are many medications used to treat seizures, but only 3 generally are used as the first treatment for children with CAE: ethosuximide, lamotrigine, and valproic acid. The goal of this study is to determine which of these 3 medicines is the best first choice as treatment for children with CAE.

Approximately 439 children, recruited over a 3-year period at 32 medical centers in the US, will take part in this 5-year study. Participants will be randomly given one of the 3 common CAE treatments—ethosuximide, lamotrigine, or valproic acid—and will make regular visits to a clinic every 1 to 3 months for approximately 2 years. During the visits, participants will undergo regular testing to determine if the medicine is working, to watch for side effects, and to help researchers learn more about the responses to these medicines. In addition, researchers hope to develop methods that may be used in the future to help choose the best medicine for each individual diagnosed with CAE.

Also included in the study will be pharmacokinetics and pharmacogenetics research. Pharmacokinetics is the study of how the body absorbs, distributes, metabolizes, and excretes drugs. Pharmacogenetics is the study of genetic determinants of the response to drugs. Knowledge gained from this study may lead to individualized treatment for children with CAE, and may also be beneficial for other pediatric and adult seizure disorders.

• Childhood Absence Epilepsy
• Petit Mal Epilepsy
• Epilepsy
• Seizures

• Drug: ethosuximide
  Ethosuximide is a common treatment for childhood absence epilepsy.
• Drug: lamotrigine
  Lamotrigine is a common treatment for childhood absence epilepsy.
• Drug: valproic acid
  Valproic acid is a common treatment for childhood absence epilepsy.

• Active Comparator: 1
  ethosuximide
  Intervention: Drug: ethosuximide
• Active Comparator: 2
  lamotrigine
  Intervention: Drug: lamotrigine
• Active Comparator: 3
  valproic acid
  Intervention: Drug: valproic acid

• Glauser TA, Cnaan A, Shinnar S, Hirtz DG, Dlugos D, Masur D, Clark PO, Adamson PC; Childhood Absence Epilepsy Study Team. Ethosuximide, valproic acid, and lamotrigine in childhood absence epilepsy: initial monotherapy outcomes at 12 months. Epilepsia. 2013 Jan;54(1):141-55. doi: 10.1111/epi.12028. Epub 2012 Nov 21.
• Glauser TA, Cnaan A, Shinnar S, Hirtz DG, Dlugos D, Masur D, Clark PO, Capparelli EV, Adamson PC; Childhood Absence Epilepsy Study Group. Ethosuximide, valproic acid, and lamotrigine in childhood absence epilepsy. N Engl J Med. 2010 Mar 4;362(9):790-9.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Diagnosis: Clinical diagnosis of Childhood Absence Epilepsy consistent with the International League against Epilepsy Proposal for Revised Classification of Epilepsies and Epileptic Syndromes (3).
• EEG: Interictal EEG demonstrating bilateral synchronous symmetrical approximate 3 Hz spike waves on a normal background with at least one burst lasting >/= (greater than or equal to) 3 seconds.
• Age > 2.5 years and < 13 years of age at study entry.
• Body weight >/= (greater than or equal to) 10 kilograms.
• Body Mass Index: BMI for age =/< 99th percentile (based on the CDC BMI for age growth curves for boys/girls [http://www.cdc.gov/growthcharts], Appendix 1).
• Hepatic:
• AST/ALT < 2.5 times the upper limit of normal
• Total bilirubin < 1.5 times the upper limit of normal.
• Hematologic:
• Absolute neutrophil count >/= (greater than or equal to) 1500/mm3.
• Platelets >/= (greater than or equal to) 120, 000 /mm3.
• Female subjects must be premenarchal at the time of enrollment and must be willing to practice abstinence for the duration of the study.
• Parent/legal guardian(s) willing to sign an IRB approved informed consent.
• Subject assent (when appropriate and as dictated by local IRB).

Exclusion Criteria:

• Treatment for CAE with anti-seizure medications (AED) for a period of greater than 7 days prior to randomization.
• History of a major psychiatric disease (e.g., psychosis, major depression).
• History of autism or pervasive development disorder.
• History of non-febrile seizures other than typical absence seizures. This includes a history of an afebrile generalized tonic clonic seizure.
• Clinical signs and symptoms consistent with a diagnosis of juvenile absence epilepsy or juvenile myoclonic epilepsy as delineated by the International League against Epilepsy Proposal for Revised Classification of Epilepsies and Epileptic Syndromes (3).
• History of recent or present significant or medical disease, i.e., cardiovascular, hepatic, renal, gynecologic, musculoskeletal, metabolic, or endocrine.
• History of a severe dermatologic reaction (e.g., Stevens Johnson, toxic epidermolysis necrosis) to medication.
• Subject or parent/legal guardian might not be reasonably expected to be compliant with or to complete the study.
• Participation in a trial of an investigational drug or device within 30 days prior to screening.
• Use of systemic contraceptive for any indication, including acne.