Pharmacogenomics Study of Sleep Disturbance and Neurocognitive Impairments in the Opioid Addicts

1. Normal control group:

   Healthy adults will be recruited from community.

2. Methadone Maintenance treatment group Study subjects will be enrolled only in the methadone clinic.
3. Buprenorphine/Naloxone treatment group Subjects will be enrolled only in the clinic.
4. Drug-free ex-addict group Subjects will be recruited from the therapeutic communities and halfway house of Operation Dawn.

1. Normal control group (NC):

   Inclusion criteria:

   1. Chinese ethnicity
   2. Men or women above age of 20
   3. Able to participate in a clinical assessment in Chinese (including Mandarin and Taiwanese dialects)
   4. Individuals who have completed a written consent form

   Exclusion criteria:

   1. Patients with comorbid severe mental disorders including:

      1. Organic mental disorders, or
      2. Schizophrenia
   2. Past diagnosis of Heroin dependence by DSM-IV definition
   3. Severe cognitive impairment
   4. Being pregnant

2. Methadone maintenance treatment group (MMT)

   Inclusion criteria:

   1. Chinese ethnicity
   2. Men or women above age of 20, below age of 65
   3. Able to participate in a clinical assessment in Chinese (including Mandarin and Taiwanese dialects)
   4. Diagnosis of Heroin dependence by DSM-IV definition
   5. Enter methadone maintenance therapy for at least 3 months
   6. No change of methadone dosage for the last week
   7. Regularly took methadone for the last week
   8. Individuals who have completed a written consent form

   Exclusion criteria:

   1. Patients with comorbid severe mental disorders including:

      1. Organic mental disorders, or
      2. Schizophrenia
   2. Severe cognitive impairment
   3. Being pregnant

3. Buprenorphine/Naloxone treatment group (BNT)

   Inclusion criteria:

   1. Chinese ethnicity
   2. Men or women above age of 20, below age of 65
   3. Able to participate in a clinical assessment in Chinese (including Mandarin and Taiwanese dialects)
   4. Diagnosis of Heroin dependence by DSM-IV definition
   5. Enter buprenorphine maintenance therapy for at least 3 months
   6. No change of buprenorphine dosage for the last week
   7. Regularly took buprenorphine for the last week
   8. Individuals who have completed a written consent form

   Exclusion criteria:

   1. Patients with comorbid severe mental disorders including:

      1. Organic mental disorders, or
      2. Schizophrenia
   2. Severe cognitive impairment
   3. Being pregnant
4. Medication-free ex-addict group (MF)

Inclusion criteria:

1. Chinese ethnicity
2. Men or women above age of 20
3. Able to participate in a clinical assessment in Chinese (including Mandarin and Taiwanese dialects)
4. Diagnosis of Heroin dependence by DSM-IV definition
5. Individuals who have completed a written consent form

Exclusion criteria:

1. Patients with comorbid severe mental disorders including:

   1. Organic mental disorders, or
   2. Schizophrenia
2. Severe cognitive impairment
3. Being pregnant
4. Exposure of methadone, buprenorphine and other opioid treatment in the previous 3 months