SPECT Imaging of DAT Genotype (DDAT)

Subjects will be forty physically-healthy and mentally-stable male and non-pregnant female subjects between the ages of 18 and 60 who meet the DSM-IV criteria for nicotine dependence. Subjects will not be excluded based on gender, religion, race, or socioeconomic status. The subject population of previous smoking studies in our lab was 54% female, 62% Caucasian, and averaged 15 years of education. This is representative of the urban population in the northeast region of the United States who seek help for nicotine dependence. We expect our current population to have similar characteristics.

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Physically healthy male or female nicotine dependent patients ages 18-60 without other current drug dependence (excluding marijuana) or psychiatric diagnosis.
2. Smoke at least 10 cigarettes per day for at least 6 months prior to study start date.
3. Females must be non-pregnant, non-lactating and either be of non-childbearing potential (i.e. sterilized via hysterectomy or bilateral tubal ligation or at least 1 year post-menopausal) or of child bearing potential, but practicing a medically acceptable method of birth control from at least 48 hours prior to SPECT imaging until 30 days following the scan. Examples of medically acceptable methods for this protocol include barrier (diaphragm or condom) with spermicide, an intrauterine device (IUD), oral contraceptives, levonorgestrel implant, or complete abstinence.
4. Subjects provide voluntary informed consent.
5. Subjects must read on 8th grade (or above) level.
6. Not using other methods for smoking cessation

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Participation in clinical trial and receipt of investigational drug(s) during previous 60 days
2. History of head trauma or injury causing loss of consciousness, lasting more than three (3) minutes or associated with skull fracture or inter-cranial bleeding or abnormal MRI.
3. HIV positive on medication for symptoms. This will be determined on an individual basis by results from the physical examination and final approval by our study physician.
4. Symptomatic presence of other hematological disease.
5. Clinically significant cardiovascular, hepatic (liver), renal (kidney), neurological, or endocrinological (including Type II diabetes) abnormalities.
6. Asthmatic condition which requires the use of an inhaler more than twice per week
7. History of psychosis, seizures, or organic brain syndrome.
8. Use of medications or natural herbs that may cause sedation or may effect the brain systems that are being studied (medication use will be evaluated by our study physician on a case-by-case basis).
9. Claustrophobia, trypanophobia (needle phobia) or other medical condition preventing subject from lying in the SPECT scanner for approximately one (1) hour.
10. Individuals with an intelligence quotient of 80 or less.
11. Smoke non-filtered cigarettes
12. Treatment for alcohol or drug dependence within the last 3 months
13. A significant alcohol or drug use history (multiple treatments, 5 years of dependence, positive urines, etc.).