A Prospective Study to Evaluate the Effect of Chronic Nitrate Therapy on Vasodilation Function in Coronary Heart Disease

• flow-mediated dilation [ Time Frame: one year ] [ Designated as safety issue: Yes ]
  Endothelial function evaluated by brachial artery ultrasound imaging during reactive hyperemia.
  
  

• serum superoxide dismutase (SOD) level [ Time Frame: one year ] [ Designated as safety issue: Yes ]
  Superoxide dismutase (SOD) was determined by Xanthinoxidase method.
  
  
• serum malondialdehyde (MDA) level [ Time Frame: one year ] [ Designated as safety issue: Yes ]
  Malondialdehyde (MDA) was determined by thiobarbituric acid method.
  
  
• serum hypersensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP) level [ Time Frame: one year ] [ Designated as safety issue: Yes ]
  An ELISA was used to determine hypersensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP).
  
  

Organic nitrates are widely prescribed for the treatment of angina pectoris in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). In China, many patients with CAD are prescribed nitrates as a long-term treatment. The most commonly prescribed nitrates for long-time treatment is isosorbide mononitrate (ISMN). The reason for their use is that the majority of physicians believe chronic therapy with organic nitrates is associated with an improvement in symptoms and has neutral or potentially beneficial effects on long-term patient outcome, although this assumption remains unproven.

Recently, multiple lines of evidence documented that sustained use of nitrates was associated with adverse effects on vascular function which appeared to be mediated by an increase in nitrate-induced oxidative stress. The accumulation of oxygen free radicals during chronic nitrate therapy was associated with endothelial dysfunction, increased arterial sensitivity to vasoconstrictors and the development of abnormalities in a number of important enzymes involved in the regulation of vascular homeostasis, including the superoxide dismutase, protein kinase C, matrix metalloproteinases, and prostaglandin synthase. This may lead to development of nitrate tolerance, endothelial dysfunction. Furthermore, endothelial dysfunction is a risk factor for worse prognosis of patients with CAD.

Up to date, some clinical research focus on how to prevent tolerance and clinical outcome of nitrate therapy were involved short follow-up periods of only a few weeks. It is too short to assess the true clinical impact of nitrate-induced endothelial dysfunction, and the safety of long-term nitrate therapy requires systematic review. So prospective, randomized study with longer treatment period is needed to observe the chronic impact of nitrate therapy on endothelial function.

Therefore, the investigators prospectively investigated whether long-term ISMN therapy had any influence on endothelial function evaluated by brachial artery ultrasound imaging during reactive hyperemia in patients with catheterization confirmed CAD, and whether this was associated with increased oxidization or inflammation burden.