Comparison of Dexmedetomidine, Remifentanil and Lidocaine for the Effect on Airway Reflex and Hemodynamic Response During Emergence in Patients Undergoing Craniotomy

During recovery from general anesthesia the stimuli of endotracheal tube lead to the coughing, hypertension, tachycardia, which can cause a serious complication. Especially the postoperative course of patients emerging from general anesthesia after intracranial surgery is frequently complicated by the occurrence of hypertension and coughing event.

It has been demonstrated that opioid, intravenous or topical lidocaine administration can attenuate the coughing reflex. Administered the opioid before emergence, it is effective to prevent cough reflex but the recovery is delayed, it was difficult to predict emergence.

However, remifentanil is an opioid widely used because of rapid context-sensitive half-life, target-controled infusion method to adequately maintain the effect site concentration could help to predict the recovery time to the alert state from the general anesthesia. It is considered proper method of continuous infusion of remifentanil for reducing emergence cough.

Dexmedetomidine , a potent alpha adrenoceptor agonist which dose-dependently reduces arterial blood pressure and heart rate, decreases the hemodynamic and and catecholamine response to intubation and extubation. It is thus theologically appropriate for reducing airway and circulatory reflexes during emergence from anesthesia.

In this study, the investigators used bolus dexmedetomidine immediately before extubation, and compared the effects on coughing, hemodynamic response and recovery profile to a continuous infusion of remifentanil.