The Effects of Orange Juice on Plasma Lipids

• Total Serum Cholesterol concentration [ Time Frame: after 3 months' intervention ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
  Fasting Serum total cholesterol concentration (mmol/l)
  
  

• High Density Cholesterol (HDL) [ Time Frame: after 3 months' intervention ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
  Fasting Serum HDL concentration
  
  
• Low density cholesterol [ Time Frame: after 3 months' intervention ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
  Fasting Serum LDL concentration
  
  
• Gene expression in adipose tissue [ Time Frame: after 3 months' intervention ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
  Expression of genes related to lipid metabolism in adipose tissue
  
  
• leptin [ Time Frame: after 3 month intervention ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
  fasting Serum Leptin concentration
  
  
• IL-1 [ Time Frame: afetr 3 month intervention ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
  Serum IL-1 concentration
  
  
• Blood Pressure [ Time Frame: after 3months intervention ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
  Resting blood pressure, measured semi-supine
  
  
• Ghrelin [ Time Frame: After 3 months intervention ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
  Fasting Plasma Ghrelin concentration
  
  
• GLP-1 [ Time Frame: After 3 months intervention ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
  Fasting Plasma GLP-1 concentration
  
  
• insulin [ Time Frame: After 3 months intervention ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
  Fasting serum Insulin concentration
  
  
• IL-6 [ Time Frame: After 3 months intervention ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
  Serum IL-6 concentration
  
  
• TNF alpha [ Time Frame: After 3 months intervention ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
  Serum TNF-Alpha concentration
  
  

Background:

Overweight and mild obesity are associated with insulin resistance and mild elevations in lipid risk factors which are not usually sufficiently abnormal to merit treatment. Such people are encouraged to lose weight to reduce their risk of progressing to type 2 diabetes and coronary heart disease, but there is clearly a potential role for dietary modifications to maximize any potential benefit of this weight loss. Flavonoids are known to have vascular effects which might enhance substrate delivery to metabolically active tissues, and thus improve insulin sensitivity. Moreover, there is much interest in the potentially beneficial effect of flavonoids on serum lipid profile.

There are many different dietary sources of flavonoids, with fruits such as apples, berries and citrus being rich sources. However, some researchers have expressed concern that a high dietary intake of 100% juice may contribute to the development of insulin resistance, obesity and the Metabolic Syndrome (Bazzano, Li et al. 2008), although this is not universally accepted (Fujioka, Greenway et al. 2006; O'Neil and Nicklas 2008). To date, there have been no studies investigating the effects of citrus fruits on indices of cardio-metabolic health in people who are presently healthy but are at risk of developing some features of the Metabolic Syndrome.

Aims:

To investigate the effects of orange juice (OJ) intake on appetite hormones, blood pressure and plasma lipids. In addition we aim to investigate any gene expression changes associated with OJ consumption, in particular in adipose tissue.

Experimental protocol and methods:

Overweight or obese men (BMI 27-35), who are otherwise healthy, will be recruited onto the study. They will attend the 'David Greenfield Human Physiology' laboratories on 5 convenient mornings, following an overnight fast. The 1st visit is a medical screening and will involve signing a consent form, completing medical screening, food frequency and activity questionnaires, having height, weight, and hip/waist circumference measurements taken and a sample of blood taken for CBC, urea, electrolytes, LFT, TFT, glucose and insulin analysis. Subjects will then be asked to complete a 3-day diet diary for macronutrient assessment. The 2nd visit will involve having a DEXA body composition scan, an adipose tissue biopsy and a blood sample taken for white blood cell harvest, serum lipids, glucose, insulin, cytokines, appetite hormones and catecholamine analysis. Starting on the following morning, subjects will then consume an orange drink (either OJ or a carbohydrate matched orange flavoured drink) once a day for 12 wks. A 3-day diet diary for macronutrient assessment will be recorded during wks 3,7and 11 of taking the drink, and measurements made at screening will be repeated on visits 3 and 4 which will take place in weeks 4 and 8. The final laboratory (5th) visit will be identical to visit 2.