Early Percutaneous Tracheostomy and Swallowing Dysfunction

• Incidence of swallowing dysfunction [ Time Frame: 3 to 5 days after weaning of mechanical ventilation ] [ Designated as safety issue: Yes ]
  The diagnosis of swallowing dysfunction will be performed by fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing (FEES) 3 to 5 days after weaning of mechanical ventilation.
  
  

• Ventilator-free days [ Time Frame: 28 days ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
  
• Incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia [ Time Frame: 28 days ] [ Designated as safety issue: Yes ]
  
• Delirium-free and coma-free days [ Time Frame: 28 days ] [ Designated as safety issue: Yes ]
  
• Daily dose of sedatives [ Time Frame: 28 days ] [ Designated as safety issue: Yes ]
  
• ICU-free days [ Time Frame: 28 days ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
  
• Critical Care Unit-free days [ Time Frame: 90 days ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
  Length of stay at Critical Care Unit involve days of stay in thre Intensive Care Unit, plus the days of stay in the Intermediate Care Unit.
  
  
• Hospital length of stay [ Time Frame: 90 days ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
  
• All cause mortality [ Time Frame: 90 days ] [ Designated as safety issue: Yes ]
  

The development of initial resuscitation maneuvers, associated with a better knowledge of the physiopathology of critical illnesses and the technological development experienced by critical care medicine, allow us to give vital support to patients for long periods of time. In this scenario, a considerable proportion of critically ill patients may require translaryngeal intubation and invasive mechanical ventilation. Patients who require prolonged translaryngeal intubation have a high risk of developing swallowing dysfunction, a condition predisposing to secretions aspiration. Until now, there has been no demonstration of a causal association between the duration of translaryngeal intubation and development of swallowing dysfunction. However, all the studies about this topic have been performed on patients submitted to prolonged translaryngeal intubation. Clinical studies have documented the development of early laryngotracheal lesions after intubation, which might explain post extubation dysfunction of swallowing reflex, probably as consequence of alteration of mechanic and chemo-receptors of the pharyngeal and laryngeal mucosa. There are no studies evaluating the impact of an early percutaneous tracheostomy on the incidence of swallowing dysfunction in critical care patients. The investigators have documented a 38% of swallowing dysfunction in our critically ill patients submitted to prolonged mechanical ventilation. The hypothesis of the study is that performance of an early percutaneous tracheostomy, within the first 4 days of translaryngeal intubation, in critical care patients on mechanical ventilation, reduces the incidence of swallowing dysfunction. The diagnosis of swallowing dysfunction will be performed by fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing (FEES) by a trained otolaryngologist, 3 to 5 days after weaning of mechanical ventilation.