Inclusion Criteria:

• Diagnosis of ischemic or non-ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy according to WHO criteria. Ischemic: DCM in a patient with a history of myocardial infarction or evidence of clinically significant (>/= 70% narrowing of a major epicardial artery) coronary artery disease. Non-ischemic: Dilation and impaired contraction of left ventricle or both ventricles of idiopathic, familial/genetic, viral and/or immune, toxic origin, or associated with recognized cardiovascular disease in which the degree of myocardial dysfunction is not explained by normal loading conditions or the extent of ischemic damage.
• No other cardiac surgery or percutaneous cardiac interventions likely to produce clinical improvement, as determined by an interventional cardiologist (for PTCA) and a cardiothoracic surgeon (for CABG). This condition is satisfied in patients w/chronic ischemic disease who have previously been successfully revascularized but have failed to show clinical improvement. All patients who are candidates for revascularization are ineligible for participation.
• LVEF </= 30% by echocardiogram within 30 days prior to randomization.
• Symptomatic heart failure in NYHA class III or IV.
• Able to comply with scheduled visits in cardiac out-patient clinic.
• Able to tolerate study procedures, including bone marrow aspiration, cardiac CT, metabolic stress test,6 minute walk test.
• Males and females, 18-86 years of age.
• Life expectancy of 6 months or more in the opinion of the investigator.
• Able to give informed consent.
• Normal organ and marrow function (Leukocytes >/= 3,000/microgram, Absolute neutrophil count >/= 1,500/microgram, Platelets >/= 140,000/microgram, AST(SGOT)/ALT (SGPT) </= 2.5 X institutional standards range and Creatinine </= 2.5 mg/dL).
• Controlled blood pressure (systolic blood pressure </= 140; diastolic blood pressure </= 90 mmHg) and established anti-hypertensive therapy as necessary prior to entry into the study.
• Stable, standard medical therapy for DCM for at least 1 month with NO new medications to treat the disease introduced in the last 3 months. Standard medical therapy includes: Placement of AICD unless contraindicated (refusal of AICD not considered valid contraindication), use of ACE inhibitors and/or AT-1 receptor blockers as well as loop diuretics unless contraindicated and, depending on the type of heart failure associated with the disease, standard therapy may also include use of vasodilators, beta blockers, digoxin, and aldosterone or other medications.
• Pre-existing conditions are adequately controlled in the opinion of the investigator.
• Fertile patients must agree to use an appropriate form of contraception while participating in the study.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Severe primary valvular heart disease including, but not limited to, aortic valve stenosis and insufficiency.
• Known history of COPD defined as Gold stage IIB (FEV1/FVC<70% with 30%</=FEV1<50% predicted, with or without chronic symptoms of cough, sputum production, dyspnea) or more severe or restrictive pulmonary disease.
• Known history of primary pulmonary hypertension.
• VAD implantation.
• Myocardial infarction within 4 weeks prior to randomization.
• History of life-threatening ventricular arrhythmia, except if an AICD is implanted.
• Unstable angina, characterized by increasingly frequent episodes with modest exertion or at rest, worsening severity, and prolonged duration.
• Patients at high risk for complications due to injection procedure (e.g. patients who have severe peripheral atherosclerotic disease that does not allow advancement of the catheter; patients who have a prosthetic aortic or mitral valve; patients who have a LV thrombus or aneurysm; patients who have an aortic dissection or aneurysm, etc.).
• Patients w/poorly controlled diabetes mellitus (HbAlc>9.0%).
• Patients receiving treatment with hematopoietic growth factors (e.g. EPO, G-CSF).
• Patients who require uninterruptible anticoagulation therapy (e.g. warfarin)that cannot be stopped for 72 hours prior to bone marrow aspiration and intramyocardial injections; OR patients receiving anti-platelet therapy (e.g. clopidogrel) that cannot be stopped for 7 days prior to bone marrow aspiration and transendocardial injections, unless contraindicated.
• Known cancer and undergoing treatment including chemotherapy and radiation.
• Patients requiring continuous, systemic, high dose corticosteroid therapy (more than 7.5 mg/day) within 1 month before aspiration or 6 months after injection procedure.
• End stage renal disease requiring dialysis.
• Patients pregnant or lactating; positive for hCG
• History of alcohol consumption regularly exceeding the equivalent of 2 drinks/day (1 drink = 5 oz of wine or 12 oz [360mL] of beer or 1.5 oz [45mL]) of hard liquor or history of illicit drug use w/in 6 months of screening.
• Known allergies to protein products (horse or bovine serum, or porcine trypsin) used in the ex-vivo cell production process.
• BMI of 40 Kg/m2 or greater.
• Patients receiving experimental medications or participating in another clinical study within 30 days of screening.
• HIV or syphilis, positive at time of screening.
• Active Hepatitis B or Hepatitis C infection at the time of screening.
• Patient determined unsuitable for cellular therapy, in the opinion of the investigator or sponsor.
• Patients receiving anti-angiogenic drugs (e.g. anti-VEGF).
• Known allergy or sensitivity to contrast agents used in imaging procedures.
• Minimum LV wall thickness of less than 6mm as determined by ECHO.