Intraoperative Glucose Control in Liver Transplant

• Infection rates and one year survival post transplant [ Time Frame: 12 months ] [ Designated as safety issue: Yes ]
  

• Hospital length of stay [ Time Frame: 12 months ] [ Designated as safety issue: Yes ]
  
• Postoperative requirements for blood transfusion within 3 days in the ICU [ Time Frame: 12 months ] [ Designated as safety issue: Yes ]
  
• Need for and duration of hemodialysis [ Time Frame: 12 months ] [ Designated as safety issue: Yes ]
  
• Incidence of biliary complications [ Time Frame: 12 months ] [ Designated as safety issue: Yes ]
  
• Incidence of venous thromboembolic events [ Time Frame: 12 months ] [ Designated as safety issue: Yes ]
  

Approximately 2.1 million patients in the United States acquire infections during medical care every year. For example, 9%-30% patients who undergo surgery acquire nosocomial infections, which increase mortality and morbidity over that expected normally expected and increase the cost of care by several billion dollars. Studies have shown that controlling high blood glucose levels dramatically improves the recovery of critically ill patients after surgery, most notably decreasing the risk of infection. The advantage of strict glycemic control in the critically ill patient is now well accepted, and the Institute for Healthcare Improvement and Surviving Sepsis Campaign set glycemic control as part of the post-operative sepsis management bundle.

Few studies have investigated the role of strict glycemic control during surgery itself. Liver transplantation is a good model for studying glucose control as hyperglycemia almost always occurs and the incidence of infection is higher than with other surgical procedures. We performed a retrospective review of 184 consecutive adult liver recipients in which intra-operative blood glucose levels were measured and treated with insulin. Recipients with strict glycemic control were compared to those with poor control for differences in donor and recipient demographics, intra-operative blood glucose concentrations, intra-operative insulin administered, immunosuppression, post-operative complications, and mortality. Poor glycemic control was associated with a significantly increased rate of infection during the first 30 days post-operatively (48% vs. 33%, P=0.05) and 1-year mortality was significantly increased for those recipients with poor intra-operative glucose control (21.9% vs. 8.8%; P = 0.05). These data along with the post-operative studies, suggest that the post-transplant mortality rate may potentially be decreased by nearly 50% at 1 year and underscore the need for this to be confirmed in a prospective trial.

The goal of this study is to prospectively evaluate the outcomes of liver transplant recipients to either strict glucose control (goal of 80-110 mg/dl) or the current standard of care (goal of between 180 and 200 mg/dl). The specific aim of this study is to determine if strict intra-operative blood glucose control, improves 1-year recipient survival and decreases surgical complications, including infections, following liver transplantation. The rates of infection at 30 days after surgery and health at one year post- surgery will be compared. The frequency of other common post-operation complications will also be studied. The proposed study has the potential to have an impact on the intra-operative management of all liver transplant recipients.