Inflammation and Insulin Resistance in Rheumatoid Arthritis

• Disease activity score based on 28-joint Disease Activity Score (DAS28) [ Time Frame: Measured after 8 weeks of treatment ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
  
• Homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) for insulin sensitivity [ Time Frame: Measured after 8 weeks of treatment ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
  
• Augmentation index [ Time Frame: Measured after 8 weeks of treatment ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
  

• Inflammatory mediators and F(2) isoprostanes [ Time Frame: Measured after 8 weeks of treatment ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
  
• Pulse wave velocity (arterial stiffness of large vessels) [ Time Frame: Measured after 8 weeks of treatment ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
  

RA is an autoimmune disease that causes long-term inflammation of the joints and sometimes other body tissues, too. Recent studies have found that there is an increased prevalence of coronary artery atherosclerosis, metabolic syndrome, and insulin resistance among people with RA. Furthermore, insulin resistance, which can lead to hyperinsulinemia—too much insulin in the blood—has been associated with RA disease activity and the severity of coronary artery atherosclerosis. These correlations suggest that inflammation and hyperinsulinemia somehow interact and facilitate one another.

Pioglitazone is a prescription drug that reduces insulin resistance and is currently used to treat people with diabetes. This study will determine whether pioglitazone can also be used to effectively treat people with RA. Specifically, the study will evaluate the effect of pioglitazone on inflammation, insulin resistance, and atherosclerosis.

Participation in this study will last about 20 weeks. At an initial 1-hour screening, participants will undergo a physical examination, medical history review, blood sampling, and, if female, a urine pregnancy test. Eligible participants will then return for the first of six monthly study visits. At this first visit, participants will be randomly assigned to receive either pioglitazone or placebo, both of which will be taken daily for 8 weeks. This will be followed by a 4-week wash-out period, during which no study treatments will be taken. Then, at Week 12, participants will begin daily treatments of whatever they were not assigned to originally. This second treatment phase will also last for 8 weeks.

All of the study visits will involve the same tests and procedures. The morning before each study visit, participants will collect their urine in a jug, which they will bring to the clinic. Participants will then undergo blood sampling, blood pressure measurements, and artery stiffness measurements. During the study visits at Weeks 4, 8, 16, and 20, participants will be asked to report on their symptoms, pain, and any adverse effects.