• Humoral Immune response [ Time Frame: Throughout study ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
• Cell mediated immunity [ Time Frame: Throughout study ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
• Genotyping [ Time Frame: Throughout study ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]

Successful control of the HIV epidemic will require a safe and effective vaccine to be developed. A successful vaccine will need to stimulate a widespread immune response. The purpose of this study is to determine the safety of and immune response to an adenovirus serotype HIV vaccine in HIV uninfected adults.

Control of the HIV pandemic can only be achieved with the development of a safe and effective preventive HIV vaccine. A vaccine that will prevent HIV infection will elicit a strong immune response from both CD4 and CD8 cells. Recombinant adenovirus serotype vectors have been shown to elicit just such a response. The purpose of this study is to determine the safety and immunogenicity of the recombinant adenovirus serotype 5 preventive HIV-1 vaccine.

This study will last 18 to 24 months. Participants will be randomly assigned to one of four arms that will receive different doses of the vaccine or placebo administered via intermuscular injection. Participants in Arms 1, 2, and 3 will all receive 3 injections. Each injection will contain the same dose of vaccine. Arm 4 will receive 2 injections of a dose of vaccine that will be determined by the safety data from Arms 1, 2, and 3. Participants will be enrolled sequentially, from lowest to highest dose of vaccine, into Arms 1, 2, and 3. Arms will begin enrollment only following review of safety data from the previous group. After the Day 42 safety data from Arms 1, 2, and 3 have been reviewed, the dose for Arm 4 will be determined, and enrollment into that arm will begin.

There will be 10 study visits in this study. Participants in Arms 1, 2, and 3 will receive injections on Days 0, 28, and 168. Participants in Arm 4 will receive injections on Days 0 and 168. Participants will be asked to record their temperature and other side effects in a symptom log for 3 days after each injection. Risk reduction/pregnancy prevention counseling and physical exams will occur at all visits. At most visits, blood, urine, and oral swab collection will occur. HIV testing and pregnancy testing will occur at select visits. Additionally, volunteers will be contacted at Years 2, 3, 4, and 5 by telephone, e-mail, or study visit to collect vital status, and information about any development of significant disability or incapacity, hospitalizations, or congenital anomalies.

• Experimental: 3 injections of rAd5.ENVA.48 HIV-1 vaccine or placebo at 1 x 10^9 virus particles (VP) given at Days 0, 28, and 168
• Experimental: 3 injections of rAd5.ENVA.48 HIV-1 vaccine or placebo at 1 x 10^10 virus particles (VP) given at Days 0, 28, and 168
• Experimental: 3 injections of rAd5.ENVA.48 HIV-1 vaccine or placebo at 1 x 10^11 virus particles (VP) given at Days 0, 28, and 168
• Experimental: 3 injections of rAd5.ENVA.48 HIV-1 vaccine or placebo at a dose to be determined by the safety data from Arms 1, 2 and 3 given at Days 0 and 168

• Priddy FH, Brown D, Kublin J, Monahan K, Wright DP, Lalezari J, Santiago S, Marmor M, Lally M, Novak RM, Brown SJ, Kulkarni P, Dubey SA, Kierstead LS, Casimiro DR, Mogg R, DiNubile MJ, Shiver JW, Leavitt RY, Robertson MN, Mehrotra DV, Quirk E; Merck V520-016 Study Group. Safety and immunogenicity of a replication-incompetent adenovirus type 5 HIV-1 clade B gag/pol/nef vaccine in healthy adults. Clin Infect Dis. 2008 Jun 1;46(11):1769-81.
• Stevens W, Kamali A, Karita E, Anzala O, Sanders EJ, Jaoko W, Kaleebu P, Mulenga J, Dally L, Fast P, Gilmour J, Farah B, Birungi J, Hughes P, Manigart O, Stevens G, Yates S, Thomson H, von Lieven A, Krebs M, Price MA, Stoll-Johnson L, Ketter N. Baseline morbidity in 2,990 adult African volunteers recruited to characterize laboratory reference intervals for future HIV vaccine clinical trials. PLoS ONE. 2008 Apr 30;3(4):e2043.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Good general health
• Normal hematological, hepatic and renal functions
• Demonstrated understanding of study
• Willing to receive HIV test results
• HIV-1 and -2 uninfected
• Hepatitis B surface antigen negative
• Anti-hepatitis C virus (anti-HCV) negative antibody or negative HCV PCR if anti-HCV is positive
• Adequate contraception. For more information on this criterion can be found in the protocol.

Exclusion Criteria:

• HIV vaccines or placebos in prior HIV vaccine trial
• Immunosuppressive medications within 168 days prior to first injection. Participants taking corticosteroid nasal spray or topical corticosteroids are not excluded.
• Blood products within 120 days prior to first injection
• Immunoglobulin within 60 days prior to first injection
• Investigational agents within 30 days prior to first injections
• Live attenuated vaccine within 30 days prior to first injection
• Any vaccine that is not a live attenuated vaccine within 14 days prior to first injection
• Any clinically significant medical condition that, in the opinion of the investigator, may interfere with the study
• Any medical, psychiatric, occupational, or social condition or responsibility that, in the opinion of the investigator, would interfere with the study
• Serious adverse reaction to vaccines. Participants who had a nonanaphylactic adverse reaction to pertussis vaccine as a child are not excluded.
• Known autoimmune disease
• Known immunodeficiency
• Asthma other than mild, well-controlled asthma
• Diabetes mellitus type 1 or 2
• Thyroidectomy or thyroid disease in the12 months prior to study entry
• Angiodema in the 3 years prior to study entry
• Hypertension. More information on this criterion can be found in the protocol.
• Body mass index (BMI) of 40 or higher OR BMI of 35 or greater, if other cardiovascular risk factors. More information on this criterion can be found in the protocol.
• Bleeding disorder
• Malignancy, unless it has been surgically removed and, in the opinion of the investigator, is not likely to recur during the study period
• Seizure disorder or occurrence of seizure in the 3 years prior to study entry. Participants who have not required medications or had a seizure for prior 3 years are not excluded.
• Absence of spleen
• Individuals at high-risk of acquiring HIV infection
• Presence of pre-existing neutralizing antibodies for Adenovirus 5 or 48
• Pregnancy or breastfeeding