Inclusion Criteria:

1. Aged 65 or older
2. Able to stand steadily without assistance on one leg for no more than 5 seconds (determined by averaging the time for both legs)
3. Able to attend all scheduled sessions (by self-report.)

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Non-ambulatory (that is, wheelchair bound); this precludes required balance testing; however, potential patients requiring assistive devices such as canes and walkers are not excluded.
2. received chiropractic care, physical therapy or any other manual care procedure within the past three months (by self report)
3. began an exercise program targeting balance and/or lower body strength within past month (by self report)
4. contraindications to CMT or mild-exertion exercise, as determined by the clinician through physical exam and x-rays (if indicated). Contraindications included but are not limited to: unstable or severe medical condition; severe osteoporosis, fracture or other osseous abnormalities; "high cardiovascular risk", ie.e. persons with known cardiovascular, pulmonary or metabolic disease, or one or more major signs/symptoms suggestive of cardiovascular and pulmonary disease
5. absence of indications for CMT, as determined by the clinician through history, physical exam, orthopedic tests, and static and motion palpation. Indications for CMT include identification of decreased or increased joint mobility usually accompanied by tenderness and muscle tension and spasm.
6. unable to understand English or Spanish adequately to complete study forms and questionnaires, since for this study we do not have study personnel fluent in other languages.