• Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) [ Time Frame: 16 weeks ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
  
• Time to emergence of a mood episode. [ Time Frame: follow-up phase ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
  

• standard mood and anxiety measures [ Time Frame: intermittent ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
  
• Salivary cortisol levels [ Time Frame: Start of study, 8 weeks, 16 weeks ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
  

Major depression (particularly recurrent and chronic depression) and bipolar depression remain complex and vexing problems for the clinician. They can be difficult to treat with pharmacotherapy alone and the persistence of residual symptoms (with consequent impact on function) and sub-syndromal symptoms increase the risk of relapse. Psychotherapy and alternative therapies have been explored as adjunctive treatments to pharmacotherapy and have shown efficacy in symptom relief. Complementary therapies, like herbal remedies and yoga, have also shown efficacy, but primarily in unipolar depression.

Yoga is a widely accepted practice that is very accessible and adaptable to different age ranges and levels of physical ability. Yoga, has been shown to be effective in the treatment of major depression and dysthymia in randomized, controlled trials. To date,Yoga has not been investigated in subjects with bipolar disorder.

We would like to replicate current investigative results on yoga and depression in a Canadian sample with unipolar and chronic depression, and would like to extend the literature by investigating its efficacy in bipolar disorder. Could adjunctive Yoga treat sub-syndromal depressive symptoms and thus reduce the risk of relapse in patients with unipolar and bipolar depression? With high consumer desirability, there is general agreement on the need for well-designed, randomized controlled trials examining the efficacy and safety of these interventions in clinical populations.

This is a prospective, assessor-blind, crossover, randomized controlled study, and will be carried out in three phases: 1) 16-week treatment phase, 2) 1 year follow-up phase. Forty patients meeting DSM-IV-TR diagnostic criteria for either Major Depression, Dysthymia, Bipolar I or Bipolar II will be recruited. Patients who have provided written consent, have met study criteria, and are stabilized on pharmacotherapy (i.e. receiving either one or two mood stabilizer(s) alone, or in combination with an oral atypical antipsychotic or an antidepressant or lamotrigine) will be enrolled into the study.

All patients will receive treatment with Yoga and psychoeducation in addition to their standard pharmacotherapy and will be randomized to one of two treatment groups groups 1) 8 weeks of yoga followed by 8 weeks of psychoeducation; or 2) 8 weeks of psychoeducation followed by 8 weeks of Yoga. After completion of the treatment phase, there will be a 12-month follow-up phase.

The specific hypotheses are:

1. At week 8 (the end of the first part of the treatment phase), those who are treated with Yoga plus pharmacotherapy would show a decrease in residual depressive symptoms indicated by greater reduction in MADRS scores relative to baseline and an increase in quality of life measures, as compared to those treated with psychoeducation plus pharmacotherapy.
2. At week 16 (the end of the second part of the treatment phase), those who are treated with yoga plus pharmacotherapy would show a decrease in residual depressive symptoms indicated by greater reduction in MADRS scores relative to baseline and an increase in quality of life measures, as compared to those treated with psychoeducation plus pharmacotherapy..
3. Improvement in depressive symptoms will correlate with neuroendocrine changes in salivary cortisol.