The purpose of this protocol is to study the genetics and pathophysiology of familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) and other related diseases. FMF is a recessively inherited condition characterized by episodes of fever and serositis or synovitis; some patients also develop systemic amyloidosis. Our laboratory has identified the FMF gene and several disease-related mutations. The FMF gene encodes a protein called pyrin that is the prototype of a family of molecules involved in the regulation of apoptosis (cell-death) and inflammation. The precise biochemical mechanism by which these proteins function, and by which mutations cause disease, is still unknown.

There are a number of other conditions, sometimes referred to as autoinflammatory syndromes because of the lack of high-titer autoantibodies or antigen-specific T-cells that are also characterized by episodic inflammation. Seven are caused by mutations in five other genes: the TNF-receptor associated periodic syndrome (TRAPS) is caused by mutations in one of the receptors for tumor necrosis factor (TNF); the hyperimmunoglobulinemia D with periodic fever syndrome (HIDS) is caused by mutations in the gene encoding mevalonate kinase; Muckle-Wells syndrome (MWS), familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome (FCAS), and neonatal-onset multisystem inflammatory disease (NOMID) are caused by mutations in the gene encoding cryopyrin, a member of the aforementioned pyrin family of proteins; deficiency of the interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (DIRA) is caused by mutations in the gene that codes for the interleukin-1 receptor antagonist, a protein that helps to regulate levels of the inflammatory cytokine, interleukin-1; and the syndrome of pyogenic arthritis, pyoderma gangrenosum, and acne (PAPA) is caused by mutations in PSTPIP1, a protein that binds pyrin. In addition, there are patients with episodic fevers and/or inflammation who do not have identifiable mutations in any of these genes. Some of these latter cases appear to cluster in families, while others are sporadic.

The goals of this protocol are: 1) to gather and evaluate clinical data on selected patients with FMF and related conditions, so as to characterize more thoroughly the clinical features and natural history of patients with recognized disorders as well as those with as yet undefined autoinflammatory conditions; 2) to identify mutations, both in known autoinflammatory genes and in other genes, that lead to syndromes of periodic inflammation, and to study possible correlations between specific genetic mutations and disease manifestations; and 3) to undertake functional, biochemical, and molecular studies of leukocytes from patients with both known and as yet poorly defined autoinflammatory conditions.

Patients will undergo screening history, physical examination, and clinical laboratory evaluation, usually in the outpatient department. Imaging studies and skin or muscle biopsies may be performed when clinically indicated. Where appropriate, we will ask probands to obtain permission from family members to be contacted. We will collect blood samples from consenting affected individuals and, in some cases, unaffected family members, extract DNA, and perform molecular genetic analyses. For cellular and biochemical studies, we will obtain blood samples and possibly salivary samples from patients, selected unaffected family members, and unrelated controls. In some cases adult patients may be asked to interrupt treatment temporarily to obtain additional blood samples. We may also ask a small number of adult patients to undergo leukapheresis and/or bone marrow aspiration for research purposes.